One alternative is to use union and struct, and let the compiler work:

static inline uint32_t bswap32(uint32_t x)
{
        union {
                uint32_t x;
                struct {
                        uint8_t a;
                        uint8_t b;
                        uint8_t c;
                        uint8_t d;
                } s;
        } in, out;
        in.x = x;
        out.s.a = in.s.d;
        out.s.b = in.s.c;
        out.s.c = in.s.b;
        out.s.d = in.s.a;
        return out.x;
} 

Ref. Cosa/Types.h, https://github.com/mikaelpatel/Cosa/blob/master/cores/cosa/Cosa/Types.h#L553

An alternative is to use union and struct, and let the compiler do the work:

static inline uint32_t bswap32(uint32_t x)
{
        union {
                uint32_t x;
                struct {
                        uint8_t a;
                        uint8_t b;
                        uint8_t c;
                        uint8_t d;
                } s;
        } in, out;
        in.x = x;
        out.s.a = in.s.d;
        out.s.b = in.s.c;
        out.s.c = in.s.b;
        out.s.d = in.s.a;
        return out.x;
}  

uint32_t sinceEpoch = bswap32(*(uint32_t*) &packetBuffer[40]);

A cleaner rewrite for the packet buffer would be:

static inline uint32_t bswap32(uint8_t* buf)
{
        union {
                uint32_t x;
                struct {
                        uint8_t a;
                        uint8_t b;
                        uint8_t c;
                        uint8_t d;
                } s;
        } in, out;
        out.s.a = buf[3];
        out.s.b = buf[2];
        out.s.c = buf[1];
        out.s.d = buf[0];
        return out.x;
} 

uint32_t sinceEpoch = bswap32(&packetBuffer[40]);

Ref. Cosa/Types.h, https://github.com/mikaelpatel/Cosa/blob/master/cores/cosa/Cosa/Types.h#L553, and Cosa-NTP/NTP.cpp, https://github.com/mikaelpatel/Cosa-NTP/blob/master/NTP.cpp#L56

One alternative is to use union and struct, and let the compiler work:

static inline uint32_t bswap32(uint32_t x)
{
        union {
                uint32_t x;
                struct {
                        uint8_t a;
                        uint8_t b;
                        uint8_t c;
                        uint8_t d;
                } s;
        } in, out;
        in.x = x;
        out.s.a = in.s.d;
        out.s.b = in.s.c;
        out.s.c = in.s.b;
        out.s.d = in.s.a;
        return out.x;
} 

Ref. http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/avr-gcc-list/2006-12/msg00076.html

One alternative is to use union and struct, and let the compiler work:

static inline uint32_t bswap32(uint32_t x)
{
        union {
                uint32_t x;
                struct {
                        uint8_t a;
                        uint8_t b;
                        uint8_t c;
                        uint8_t d;
                } s;
        } in, out;
        in.x = x;
        out.s.a = in.s.d;
        out.s.b = in.s.c;
        out.s.c = in.s.b;
        out.s.d = in.s.a;
        return out.x;
} 

Ref. http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/avr-gcc-list/2006-12/msg00076.html

Here is an AVR machine code version:

inline uint32_t bswap32(uint32_t value)
{
  asm volatile("mov __tmp_reg__, %A0"   "\n\t"
           "mov %A0, %D0"       "\n\t"
           "mov %D0, __tmp_reg__"   "\n\t"
           "mov __tmp_reg__, %B0"   "\n\t"
           "mov %B0, %C0"       "\n\t"
           "mov %C0, __tmp_reg__"   "\n\t"
           : "=r" (value)
           : "0" (value)
           );
  return (value);
}

Ref. Cosa/Types.h, https://github.com/mikaelpatel/Cosa/blob/master/cores/cosa/Cosa/Types.h#L553