This is an unofficial snapshot of the ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21 Core Issues List revision 117a. See http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/ for the official list.

2025-04-13

532. Member/nonmember operator template partial ordering

[Voted into WP at August, 2010 meeting.]

The Standard does not specify how member and nonmember function templates are to be ordered. This question arises with an example like the following:

    struct A {
        template<class T> void operator<<(T&);
    };

    template<class T> struct B { };
    template<class T> void operator<<(A&, B<T>&);

    int main() {
        A a;
        B<A> b;
        a << b;
    }

The two candidates for “a << b” are:

1. A::operator<< <B<A> >(B<A>&)
2. ::operator<< <A>(A&, B<A>&)

How should we treat the implicit this parameter of #1 and the explicit first parameter of #2?

Option 0: Make them unordered.

Option 1: If either function is a non-static member function, ignore any this parameter and ignore the first parameter of any non-member function. This option will select #2, as “B<T>&” is more specialized than “T&”.

Option 2: Treat the this parameter as if it were of reference to object type, and then perform comparison to the first parameter of the other function. The other function's first parameter will either be another this parameter, or it will be a by-value or by-reference object parameter. In the example above, this option will also select #2.

The difference between option 1 and option 2 can be seen in the following example:

    struct A { };

    template<class T> struct B {
        template<typename R> int operator*(R&);   // #1
    };

    template <typename T> int operator*(T&, A&);  // #2

    int main() {
        A a;
        B<A> b;
        b * a;
    }

Should this select #1, select #2, or be ambiguous? Option 1 will select #2, because “A&” is more specialized than “T&”. Option 2 will make this example ambiguous, because “B<A>&” is more specialized than “T&”.

If one were considering two non-member templates,

    template <typename T> int operator*(T&, A&);                 // #2
    template <typename T, typename R> int operator*(B<A>&, R&);  // #3

the current rules would make these unordered. Option 2 thus seems more consistent with this existing behavior.

Notes from the April, 2006 meeting:

The group favored option 2.

Proposed resolution (February, 2010):

Change 13.7.7.3 [temp.func.order] paragraph 3 as follows:

...and substitute it for each occurrence of that parameter in the function type of the template.