The linux-azure-6.8 packages in the repositories address the Azure flavored kernels. (the -azure in the kernel string just indicates it's an Azure flavored kernel, which is in the linux-azure*`linux-azure* pattern matching of packaging)
According to the page in question, CVE-2024-38541 was patched in version 6.8.0-1013.14~22.04.1 of the package.
The version of the kernel in your system is probably 6.8.0-1021~22.04.1 which is a later package revision than the patched version in the security page, and that means you are already patched against CVE-2024-38541.
This said, there are other vulnerabilities you might not be patched against. The current version of the package in the repositories is 6.8.0-1029.31~22.04.1, and your system is not running that. You should still update your kernel in your Azure VM and then boot to it so you get all the latest updates.