It exists for some aircraft carriers and it's called a ski-jump. It wouldn't work well for land runways because they're typically used from either end depending on the wind.
Moreover, land planes don't use the whole runway, failures notwithstanding, they takeoff before the end and by regulations must clear a certain height before the end (depends on the plane category). Otherwise you risk colliding with surrounding obstacles (trees, buildings, light poles, etc.).

Source: wikimedia.org