Swift, 133 bytes

{n in var l=Array(1...n).map{$0>3 ?0:$0},p=8;if n>3{for i in 3..<n{if l[i]<1{l[i]=l[i-1]+1};if l[i]<n{l[l[i]]=p};p*=2}};return l}as(Int)->[Int]

Takes input as Int (integer) and returns as [Int] (integer array). Example usage:

let f:(Int)->[Int]={n in var l=Array(1...n).map{$0>3 ?0:$0},p=8;if n>3{for i in 3..<n{if l[i]<1{l[i]=l[i-1]+1};if l[i]<n{l[l[i]]=p};p*=2}};return l}
print(f(20))

Ungolfed version

{n in
    var l = Array(1...n).map{$0 > 3 ? 0 : $0} // Create the range from 1 to n and set all
    var p = 8                                 // values greater than 3 to 0
    if n > 3 {
        for i in 3 ..< n {
            if l[i] < 1 {
                l[i] = l[i - 1] + 1
            }
            if l[i] < n {
                l[l[i]] = p
            }
            p *= 2
        }
    }
    return l
}as(Int)->[Int]

Swift, 137 bytes

func f(n:Int){var l=Array(1...n).map{$0>3 ?0:$0},p=8;if n>3{for i in 3..<n{if l[i]<1{l[i]=l[i-1]+1};if l[i]<n{l[l[i]]=p};p*=2}};print(l)}

Takes input as Int (integer) and prints as [Int] (integer array).

Ungolfed version

func f(n:Int){
    var l = Array(1...n).map{$0 > 3 ? 0 : $0} // Create the range from 1 to n and set all
    var p = 8                                 // values greater than 3 to 0
    if n > 3 {
        for i in 3 ..< n {
            if l[i] < 1 {
                l[i] = l[i - 1] + 1
            }
            if l[i] < n {
                l[l[i]] = p
            }
            p *= 2
        }
    }
    print(l)
}

Swift, 129 bytes

{n in var l=Array(1...n).map{$0>3 ?0:$0},p=8;if n>3{for i in 3..<n{if l[i]<1{l[i]=l[i-1]+1};if l[i]<n{l[l[i]]=p};p*=2}};return l}

Takes input as Int (integer) and returns as [Int] (integer array). Example usage:

let f:(Int)->[Int]={n in var l=Array(1...n).map{$0>3 ?0:$0},p=8;if n>3{for i in 3..<n{if l[i]<1{l[i]=l[i-1]+1};if l[i]<n{l[l[i]]=p};p*=2}};return l}
print(f(20))

Ungolfed version

{n in
    var l = Array(1...n).map{$0 > 3 ? 0 : $0} // Create the range from 1 to n and set all
    var p = 8                                 // values greater than 3 to 0
    if n > 3 {
        for i in 3 ..< n {
            if l[i] < 1 {
                l[i] = l[i - 1] + 1
            }
            if l[i] < n {
                l[l[i]] = p
            }
            p *= 2
        }
    }
    return l
}

Swift, 133 bytes

{n in var l=Array(1...n).map{$0>3 ?0:$0},p=8;if n>3{for i in 3..<n{if l[i]<1{l[i]=l[i-1]+1};if l[i]<n{l[l[i]]=p};p*=2}};return l}as(Int)->[Int]

Takes input as Int (integer) and returns as [Int] (integer array). Example usage:

let f:(Int)->[Int]={n in var l=Array(1...n).map{$0>3 ?0:$0},p=8;if n>3{for i in 3..<n{if l[i]<1{l[i]=l[i-1]+1};if l[i]<n{l[l[i]]=p};p*=2}};return l}
print(f(20))

Ungolfed version

{n in
    var l = Array(1...n).map{$0 > 3 ? 0 : $0} // Create the range from 1 to n and set all
    var p = 8                                 // values greater than 3 to 0
    if n > 3 {
        for i in 3 ..< n {
            if l[i] < 1 {
                l[i] = l[i - 1] + 1
            }
            if l[i] < n {
                l[l[i]] = p
            }
            p *= 2
        }
    }
    return l
}as(Int)->[Int]