R, 198 bytes

function(m){r=c();a=diag(m);a[,1]=1;for(i in 3:m)for(j in 2:(i-1))a[i,j]=a[i-1,j-1]+a[i-j,j];p=sample(sum(a[m,]),1);while(m>0){b=a[m,];c=cumsum(b);x=min(which(c>=p));r=c(r,x);p=p-c[x]+b[x];m=m-x};r}

Ungolfed:

f <- function(m) {
    r <- c()
    a <- diag(m)
    a[, 1] <- 1
    for (i in 3:m)
        for (j in 2:(i-1))
            a[i, j] <- a[i-1, j-1] + a[i-j, j]
    p <- sample(sum(a[m, ]), 1)
    while (m > 0) {
        b <- a[m, ]
        c <- cumsum(b)
        x <- min(which(c >= p))
        r <- c(r, x)
        p <- p - c[x] + b[x]
        m <- m - x
    }
    return(r)
}

It follows the same structure as @dcsohl's great solution in Octave, and is thus also based on the Knuth extract posted by @feersum.

I'll edit this later if I can come up with a more creative solution in R. In the meantime, any input is of course welcome.