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length(s)==5, you can replaces[1]==tail(s,1)withs[1]==s[5]. A one-byte shorter method to check the length isis.na(s[6]). Together these two changes returnTRUEforsof length 5 exactly andFALSEotherwise, asTRUE&NAisNAbutFALSE&NAisFALSE. You can also save a few bytes by replacing!sum(sign(d))&any(rle(sign(d))$l>1)with!sum(a<-sign(d))&any(rle(a)$l>1). \$\endgroup\$