-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy path13-Objects.html
More file actions
776 lines (700 loc) · 33.6 KB
/
Copy path13-Objects.html
File metadata and controls
776 lines (700 loc) · 33.6 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Objects — Introductory Python</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.11.2/css/all.min.css" integrity="sha384-KA6wR/X5RY4zFAHpv/CnoG2UW1uogYfdnP67Uv7eULvTveboZJg0qUpmJZb5VqzN" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link href="../_static/css/index.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/sphinx-book-theme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/togglebutton.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/copybutton.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/mystnb.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/jupyter-sphinx.css" />
<script id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/sphinx-book-theme.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/language_data.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/togglebutton.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/mystnb.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/sphinx-book-theme.js"></script>
<script >var togglebuttonSelector = '.toggle, .admonition.dropdown, .tag_hide_input div.cell_input, .tag_hide-input div.cell_input, .tag_hide_output div.cell_output, .tag_hide-output div.cell_output, .tag_hide_cell.cell, .tag_hide-cell.cell';</script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.3.4/require.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@jupyter-widgets/html-manager@^0.18.0/dist/embed-amd.js"></script>
<script async="async" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/latest.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
<link rel="next" title="Classes" href="14-Classes.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="Debugging" href="12-Debugging.html" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="docsearch:language" content="en">
</head>
<body data-spy="scroll" data-target="#bd-toc-nav" data-offset="80">
<div class="container-xl">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-md-3 bd-sidebar site-navigation show" id="site-navigation">
<div class="navbar-brand-box">
<a class="navbar-brand text-wrap" href="../index.html">
<h1 class="site-logo" id="site-title">Introductory Python</h1>
</a>
</div>
<form class="bd-search d-flex align-items-center" action="../search.html" method="get">
<i class="icon fas fa-search"></i>
<input type="search" class="form-control" name="q" id="search-input" placeholder="Search this book..." aria-label="Search this book..." autocomplete="off" >
</form>
<nav class="bd-links" id="bd-docs-nav" aria-label="Main navigation">
<ul class="nav sidenav_l1">
<li class="navbar-special">
<p class="margin-caption">Tutorials</p>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="00-Introduction.html">Introduction to Python</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="01-Tools.html">Tools</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="02-JupyterNotebooks.html">Jupyter Notebooks</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="03-Variables.html">Variables</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="04-Operators.html">Operators</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="05-Conditionals.html">Conditionals</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="06-DataTypes.html">Collections</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="07-Loops.html">Control Flow - Loops</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="08-Encodings.html">Encodings & Dictionaries</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="09-FunctionsI.html">Functions I</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="10-Algorithms.html">Algorithms</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="11-FunctionsII.html">Functions II</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="12-Debugging.html">Debugging</a>
</li>
<li class="active">
<a href="">Objects</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="14-Classes.html">Classes</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="15-Namespaces.html">Namespaces</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="16-CommandLine.html">Command Line & Scripts</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="17-APIs.html">The Plan</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="18-OpenSource.html">Open Source</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="19-ScientificComputing.html">Scientific Computing</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="20-Documentation.html">Documentation</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="21-CodeStyle.html">Code Style</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="22-CodeTesting.html">Code Testing</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="23-CodeProjects.html">Code Projects</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="24-AdvancedPython.html">Advanced Python</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="25-WrapUp.html">Wrap Up</a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a href="A1-Syntax.html">Python Syntax</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- To handle the deprecated key -->
</div>
<main class="col py-md-3 pl-md-4 bd-content overflow-auto" role="main">
<div class="row topbar fixed-top container-xl">
<div class="col-12 col-md-3 bd-topbar-whitespace site-navigation show">
</div>
<div class="col pl-2 topbar-main">
<button id="navbar-toggler" class="navbar-toggler ml-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-target=".site-navigation" aria-controls="navbar-menu" aria-expanded="true" aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-controls="site-navigation" title="Toggle navigation" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left">
<i class="fas fa-bars"></i>
<i class="fas fa-arrow-left"></i>
<i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i>
</button>
<div class="dropdown-buttons-trigger">
<button id="dropdown-buttons-trigger" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" aria-label="Download this page"><i class="fas fa-download"></i></button>
<div class="dropdown-buttons">
<!-- ipynb file if we had a myst markdown file -->
<!-- Download raw file -->
<a class="dropdown-buttons" href="../_sources/tutorials/13-Objects.ipynb"><button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" title="Download source file" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left">.ipynb</button></a>
<!-- Download PDF via print -->
<button type="button" id="download-print" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" title="Print to PDF" onClick="window.print()" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left">.pdf</button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Source interaction buttons -->
<!-- Full screen (wrap in <a> to have style consistency -->
<a class="full-screen-button"><button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" onclick="toggleFullScreen()" title="Fullscreen mode"><i class="fas fa-expand"></i></button></a>
<!-- Launch buttons -->
</div>
<div class="d-none d-md-block col-md-2 bd-toc show">
<div class="tocsection onthispage pt-5 pb-3">
<i class="fas fa-list"></i> On this page
</div>
<nav id="bd-toc-nav">
<ul class="nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h2">
<a href="#clicker-question-1" class="nav-link">Clicker Question #1</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h2">
<a href="#storing-dates" class="nav-link">Storing Dates</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h2">
<a href="#id1" class="nav-link">Objects</a><ul class="nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h3">
<a href="#example-object-date" class="nav-link">Example Object: Date</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h2">
<a href="#accessing-attributes-methods" class="nav-link">Accessing Attributes & Methods</a><ul class="nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h3">
<a href="#date-attributes" class="nav-link">Date - Attributes</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h3">
<a href="#date-methods" class="nav-link">Date - Methods</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h3">
<a href="#listing-attributes-methods-dir" class="nav-link">Listing Attributes & Methods : dir</a><ul class="nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h4">
<a href="#clicker-question-2" class="nav-link">Clicker Question #2</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h4">
<a href="#clicker-question-3" class="nav-link">Clicker Question #3</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h4">
<a href="#clicker-question-4" class="nav-link">Clicker Question #4</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h3">
<a href="#objects-example-datetime" class="nav-link">Objects Example: DateTime</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item toc-entry toc-h3">
<a href="#objects-summary" class="nav-link">Objects Summary</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div id="main-content" class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-md-9 pl-md-3 pr-md-0">
<div>
<div class="section" id="objects">
<h1>Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> & <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>methods & attributes</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="section" id="clicker-question-1">
<h2>Clicker Question #1<a class="headerlink" href="#clicker-question-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>What would be the best way to store a date?</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>A) A string</p></li>
<li><p>B) A list of numbers</p></li>
<li><p>C) It can’t be done</p></li>
<li><p>D) A dictionary</p></li>
<li><p>E) Something else</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storing-dates">
<h2>Storing Dates<a class="headerlink" href="#storing-dates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># A date, stored as a string</span>
<span class="n">date_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'29/09/1988'</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">date_string</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>29/09/1988
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># A date, stored as a list of number</span>
<span class="n">date_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'29'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'09'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'1988'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">date_list</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>['29', '09', '1988']
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># A date, stored as a series of numbers</span>
<span class="n">day</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">29</span>
<span class="n">month</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">9</span>
<span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1988</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">day</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>29
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># A date, stored as a dictionary</span>
<span class="n">date_dictionary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'day'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">29</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'month'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'year'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1988</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">date_dictionary</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>{'day': 29, 'month': 9, 'year': 1988}
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id1">
<h2>Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="alert alert-success">
Objects are an organization of data (called <b>attributes</b>), with associated code to operate on that data (functions defined on the objects, called <b>methods</b>).
</div><p>Ways to organize data (variables) and functions together.</p>
<div class="section" id="example-object-date">
<h3>Example Object: Date<a class="headerlink" href="#example-object-date" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Import a date object</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">date</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>date?
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Set the data we want to store in our date object</span>
<span class="n">day</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">29</span>
<span class="n">month</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">9</span>
<span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1988</span>
<span class="c1"># Create a date object</span>
<span class="n">my_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">month</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">day</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_date</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>1988-09-29
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Check what type of thing `my_date` is</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_date</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>datetime.date
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="accessing-attributes-methods">
<h2>Accessing Attributes & Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-attributes-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="alert alert-success">
Attributes and methods are accessed with a <code>.</code>, followed by the attribute/method name on the object.
</div><div class="section" id="date-attributes">
<h3>Date - Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#date-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Attributes look up & return information about the object.</p>
<p><strong>attributes</strong> maintain the object’s state, simply returning information about the object to you</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Get the day attribute</span>
<span class="n">my_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">day</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>29
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Get the month attribute</span>
<span class="n">my_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">month</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>9
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Get the year attribute</span>
<span class="n">my_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">year</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>1988
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="date-methods">
<h3>Date - Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#date-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>These are <em>functions</em> that <em>belong</em> to and operate on the object directly.</p>
<p><strong>methods</strong> modify the object’s state</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Method to return what day of the week the date is</span>
<span class="n">my_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">weekday</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>3
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># Reminder: check documentation with '?'
date.weekday?
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Get the ISO format representation of the date (as a string)</span>
<span class="n">my_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isoformat</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>'1988-09-29'
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># operates on date object</span>
<span class="c1"># returns a string</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isoformat</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>str
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>It’s also possible to carry out operations on multiple date objects.</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># define a second date</span>
<span class="n">my_date2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1980</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">29</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_date</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_date2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>1988-09-29 1980-07-29
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># calculate the difference between times</span>
<span class="n">time_diff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_date</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">my_date2</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time_diff</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"days"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">#in days</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time_diff</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">365</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"years"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">#in years</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>2984 days
8.175342465753424 years
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="listing-attributes-methods-dir">
<h3>Listing Attributes & Methods : <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#listing-attributes-methods-dir" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># tab complete to access</span>
<span class="c1"># methods and attributes</span>
<span class="n">my_date</span><span class="o">.</span>
<span class="c1"># works to find attributes and methods</span>
<span class="c1"># for date type objects generally</span>
<span class="n">date</span><span class="o">.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">## dir ouputs all methods and attributes</span>
<span class="c1">## we'll talk about the double underscores next lecture</span>
<span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_date</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_plain highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>['__add__',
'__class__',
'__delattr__',
'__dir__',
'__doc__',
'__eq__',
'__format__',
'__ge__',
'__getattribute__',
'__gt__',
'__hash__',
'__init__',
'__init_subclass__',
'__le__',
'__lt__',
'__ne__',
'__new__',
'__radd__',
'__reduce__',
'__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__',
'__rsub__',
'__setattr__',
'__sizeof__',
'__str__',
'__sub__',
'__subclasshook__',
'ctime',
'day',
'fromisoformat',
'fromordinal',
'fromtimestamp',
'isocalendar',
'isoformat',
'isoweekday',
'max',
'min',
'month',
'replace',
'resolution',
'strftime',
'timetuple',
'today',
'toordinal',
'weekday',
'year']
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="clicker-question-2">
<h4>Clicker Question #2<a class="headerlink" href="#clicker-question-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<p>Given the code below:</p>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">my_date</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1050</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">month</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">day</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Which is the best description:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>A) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_date</span></code> is an object, with methods that store data, and attributes that store procedures</p></li>
<li><p>B) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_date</span></code> is variable, and can be used with functions</p></li>
<li><p>C) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_date</span></code> is an attribute, with methods attached to it</p></li>
<li><p>D) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_date</span></code> is a method, and also has attributes</p></li>
<li><p>E) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_date</span></code> is an object, with attributes that store data, and methods that store procedures</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="clicker-question-3">
<h4>Clicker Question #3<a class="headerlink" href="#clicker-question-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<p>For an object <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets</span></code> with a method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_something</span></code>, how would you execute that method?</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>A) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_something(lets)</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>B) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets.do_something</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>C) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets.do_something()</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>D) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets.do.something()</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>E) ¯\_(ツ)_/¯</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="clicker-question-4">
<h4>Clicker Question #4<a class="headerlink" href="#clicker-question-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<p>For an object <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets</span></code> with an attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code>, how would you return the information stored in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> for the object <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets</span></code>?</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>A) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name(lets)</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>B) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets.name</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>C) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lets.name()</span></code></p></li>
<li><p>D) lets.get.name()</p></li>
<li><p>E) ¯\_(ツ)_/¯</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="objects-example-datetime">
<h3>Objects Example: DateTime<a class="headerlink" href="#objects-example-datetime" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># get documentation
datetime?
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Get the current date & time</span>
<span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>2020-05-04 08:28:31.305005
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Check some attributes of the object</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">day</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>2020
4
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell docutils container">
<div class="cell_input docutils container">
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Check a method of the object</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">now</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">weekday</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output stream highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>0
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="objects-summary">
<h3>Objects Summary<a class="headerlink" href="#objects-summary" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Objects allow for data (attributes) and functions (methods) to be organized together</p>
<ul>
<li><p>methods operate on the object type (modify state)</p></li>
<li><p>attributes store and return information (data) about the object (maintain state)</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> returns methods & attributes for an object</p></li>
<li><p>Syntax:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj.method()</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj.attribute</span></code></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> are two types of objects in Python</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class='prev-next-bottom'>
<a class='left-prev' id="prev-link" href="12-Debugging.html" title="previous page">Debugging</a>
<a class='right-next' id="next-link" href="14-Classes.html" title="next page">Classes</a>
</div>
<footer class="footer mt-5 mt-md-0">
<div class="container">
<p>
By Thomas Donoghue & Shannon Ellis<br/>
© Copyright 2020-.<br/>
</p>
</div>
</footer>
</main>
</div>
</div>
<script src="../_static/js/index.js"></script>
</body>
</html>