Object.xml

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    <summary>Supports all classes in the .NET class hierarchy and provides low-level services to derived classes. This is the ultimate base class of all .NET classes; it is the root of the type hierarchy.</summary>
    <remarks>For more information about this API, see <see href="/dotnet/fundamentals/runtime-libraries/system-object">Supplemental API remarks for Object</see>.</remarks>
    <example>
      <format type="text/markdown"><![CDATA[
The following example defines a Point type derived from the <xref:System.Object> class and overrides many of the virtual methods of the <xref:System.Object> class. In addition, the example shows how to call many of the static and instance methods of the <xref:System.Object> class.

:::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/Overview/ObjectX.cs" interactive="try-dotnet" id="snippet1":::
:::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/Overview/ObjectX.fs" id="snippet1":::
:::code language="cpp" source="~/snippets/cpp/VS_Snippets_CLR/ObjectX/cpp/ObjectX.cpp" id="snippet1":::
:::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR/ObjectX/vb/objectX.vb" id="snippet1":::
      ]]></format>
    </example>
    <threadsafe>Public static (<see langword="Shared" /> in Visual Basic) members of this type are thread safe. Instance members are not guaranteed to be thread-safe.</threadsafe>
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        <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="T:System.Object" /> class.</summary>
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## Remarks
 This constructor is called by constructors in derived classes, but it can also be used to directly create an instance of the <xref:System.Object> class.

 ]]></format>
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        <summary>Determines whether two object instances are equal.</summary>
        <remarks>To be added.</remarks>
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        <param name="obj">The object to compare with the current object.</param>
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          <see langword="true" /> if the specified object  is equal to the current object; otherwise, <see langword="false" />.</returns>
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        <Parameter Name="objA" Type="System.Object" />
        <Parameter Name="objB" Type="System.Object" />
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        <param name="objA">The first object to compare.</param>
        <param name="objB">The second object to compare.</param>
        <summary>Determines whether the specified object instances are considered equal.</summary>
        <returns>
          <see langword="true" /> if the objects are considered equal; otherwise, <see langword="false" />. If both <paramref name="objA" /> and <paramref name="objB" /> are **null**, the method returns <see langword="true" />.</returns>
        <remarks>
          <format type="text/markdown"><![CDATA[

## Remarks
 The static <xref:System.Object.Equals%28System.Object%2CSystem.Object%29> method indicates whether two objects, `objA` and  `objB`, are equal. It also enables you to test objects whose value is **null** for equality. It compares `objA` and `objB` for equality as follows:

-   It determines whether the two objects represent the same object reference. If they do, the method returns `true`. This test is equivalent to calling the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method. In addition, if both `objA` and `objB` are **null**, the method returns `true`.

-   It determines whether either `objA` or `objB` is **null**. If so, it returns `false`.

-   If the two objects do not represent the same object reference and neither is **null**, it calls `objA`.`Equals`(`objB`) and returns the result. This means that if `objA` overrides the <xref:System.Object.Equals%28System.Object%29?displayProperty=nameWithType> method, this override is called.



## Examples
 The following example illustrates the <xref:System.Object.Equals%28System.Object%2CSystem.Object%29> method and compares it with the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method.

 :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/Equals/equals_static2.cs" interactive="try-dotnet" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/Equals/equals_static2.fs" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR_System/system.object.equals/vb/equals_static2.vb" id="Snippet1":::

 ]]></format>
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        <summary>Allows an object to try to free resources and perform other cleanup operations before it is reclaimed by garbage collection.</summary>
        <remarks>For more information about this API, see <see href="/dotnet/fundamentals/runtime-libraries/system-object-finalize">Supplemental API remarks for Object.Finalize</see>.</remarks>
        <example>
          <format type="text/markdown"><![CDATA[
The following example verifies that the <xref:System.Object.Finalize%2A> method is called when an object that overrides <xref:System.Object.Finalize%2A> is destroyed. Note that, in a production application, the <xref:System.Object.Finalize%2A> method would be overridden to release unmanaged resources held by the object. Also note that the C# example provides a destructor instead of overriding the <xref:System.Object.Finalize%2A> method.

:::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/Finalize/finalize1.cs" id="Snippet1":::
:::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/Finalize/finalize1.fs" id="Snippet1":::
:::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR_System/system.object.finalize/vb/finalize1.vb" id="Snippet1":::

For an additional example that overrides the <xref:System.Object.Finalize%2A> method, see the <xref:System.GC.SuppressFinalize%2A?displayProperty=nameWithType> method.
          ]]></format>
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          <para>A hash function is used to quickly generate a number (hash code) that corresponds to the value of an object. Hash functions are usually specific to each type and, for uniqueness, must use at least one of the instance fields as input. Hash codes should not be computed by using the values of static fields.

 For classes derived from <see cref="T:System.Object" />, the <see langword="GetHashCode" /> method can delegate to the base class <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> implementation only if the derived class defines equality to be reference equality. The default implementation of <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> for reference types returns a hash code that is equivalent to the one returned by the <see cref="M:System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeHelpers.GetHashCode(System.Object)" /> method. You can override <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> for immutable reference types. In general, for mutable reference types, you should override <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> only if:

-   You can compute the hash code from fields that are not mutable; or

-   You can ensure that the hash code of a mutable object does not change while the object is contained in a collection that relies on its hash code.

 Otherwise, you might think that the mutable object is lost in the hash table. If you do choose to override <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> for a mutable reference type, your documentation should make it clear that users of your type should not modify object values while the object is stored in a hash table.

 For value types, <see cref="M:System.ValueType.GetHashCode" /> provides a default hash code implementation that uses reflection. You should consider overriding it for better performance.

 For more information and examples that compute hash codes in a variety of ways, see the Examples section.

 A hash function must have the following properties:

-   If two objects compare as equal, the <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> method for each object must return the same value. However, if two objects do not compare as equal, the <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> methods for the two objects do not have to return different values.

-   The <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> method for an object must consistently return the same hash code as long as there is no modification to the object state that determines the return value of the object's <see href="xref:System.Object.Equals*">System.Object.Equals</see> method. Note that this is true only for the current execution of an application, and that a different hash code can be returned if the application is run again.

-   For the best performance, a hash function should generate an even distribution for all input, including input that is heavily clustered. An implication is that small modifications to object state should result in large modifications to the resulting hash code for best hash table performance.

-   Hash functions should be inexpensive to compute.

-   The <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> method should not throw exceptions.

 For example, the implementation of the <see cref="M:System.String.GetHashCode" /> method provided by the <see cref="T:System.String" /> class returns identical hash codes for identical string values. Therefore, two <see cref="T:System.String" /> objects return the same hash code if they represent the same string value. Also, the method uses all the characters in the string to generate reasonably randomly distributed output, even when the input is clustered in certain ranges (for example, many users might have strings that contain only the lower 128 ASCII characters, even though a string can contain any of the 65,535 Unicode characters).

 Providing a good hash function on a class can significantly affect the performance of adding those objects to a hash table. In a hash table with keys that provide a good implementation of a hash function, searching for an element takes constant time (for example, an O(1) operation). In a hash table with a poor implementation of a hash function, the performance of a search depends on the number of items in the hash table (for example, an O(`n`) operation, where `n` is the number of items in the hash table). A malicious user can input data that increases the number of collisions, which can significantly degrade the performance of applications that depend on hash tables, under the following conditions:

-   When hash functions produce frequent collisions.

-   When a large proportion of objects in a hash table produce hash codes that are equal or approximately equal to one another.

-   When users input the data from which the hash code is computed.

 Derived classes that override <see cref="M:System.Object.GetHashCode" /> must also override <see cref="M:System.Object.Equals(System.Object)" /> to guarantee that two objects considered equal have the same hash code; otherwise, the <see cref="T:System.Collections.Hashtable" /> type might not work correctly.</para>
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          <format type="text/markdown"><![CDATA[

## Remarks
 Because <xref:System.Object?displayProperty=nameWithType> is the base class for all types in the .NET type system, the <xref:System.Object.GetType%2A> method can be used to return <xref:System.Type> objects that represent all .NET types. .NET recognizes the following five categories of types:

-   Classes, which are derived from <xref:System.Object?displayProperty=nameWithType>,

-   Value types, which are derived from <xref:System.ValueType?displayProperty=nameWithType>.

-   Interfaces, which are derived from <xref:System.Object?displayProperty=nameWithType> starting with the .NET Framework 2.0.

-   Enumerations, which are derived from <xref:System.Enum?displayProperty=nameWithType>.

-   Delegates, which are derived from <xref:System.MulticastDelegate?displayProperty=nameWithType>.

 For two objects `x` and `y` that have identical runtime types, `Object.ReferenceEquals(x.GetType(),y.GetType())` returns `true`. The following example uses the <xref:System.Object.GetType%2A> method with the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method to determine whether one numeric value is the same type as two other numeric values.

 :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/GetType/gettype1.cs" interactive="try-dotnet-method" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/GetType/gettype1.fs" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR_System/system.object.gettype/vb/gettype1.vb" id="Snippet1":::

> [!NOTE]
>  To determine whether an object is a specific type, you can use your language's type comparison keyword or construct. For example, you can use the `TypeOf…Is` construct in Visual Basic or the `is` keyword in C#.

 The <xref:System.Object.GetType%2A> method is inherited by all types that derive from <xref:System.Object>. This means that, in addition to using your own language's comparison keyword, you can use the <xref:System.Object.GetType%2A> method to determine the type of a particular object, as the following example shows.

 :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/GetType/GetTypeEx2.cs" interactive="try-dotnet-method" id="Snippet2":::
 :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/GetType/GetTypeEx2.fs" id="Snippet2":::
 :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR_System/system.object.gettype/vb/GetTypeEx2.vb" id="Snippet2":::

 The <xref:System.Type> object exposes the metadata associated with the class of the current <xref:System.Object>.



## Examples

 The following code example demonstrates that <xref:System.Object.GetType%2A> returns the runtime type of the current instance.

 :::code language="cpp" source="~/snippets/cpp/VS_Snippets_CLR/ECMA-System.Object.GetType/CPP/gettype.cpp" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/GetType/gettype.cs" interactive="try-dotnet" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/GetType/gettype.fs" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR/ECMA-System.Object.GetType/VB/gettype.vb" id="Snippet1":::

 ]]></format>
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        <summary>Creates a shallow copy of the current <see cref="T:System.Object" />.</summary>
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        <remarks>
          <format type="text/markdown"><![CDATA[

## Remarks
 The <xref:System.Object.MemberwiseClone%2A> method creates a shallow copy by creating a new object, and then copying the nonstatic fields of the current object to the new object. If a field is a value type, a bit-by-bit copy of the field is performed. If a field is a reference type, the reference is copied but the referred object is not; therefore, the original object and its clone refer to the same object.

To illustrate the difference between a shallow and a deep copy operation, consider an object called X that references objects A and B. Object B, in turn, references object C. A shallow copy of X creates new object X2 that also references objects A and B. In contrast, a deep copy of X creates a new object X2 that references the new objects A2 and B2, which are copies of A and B. B2, in turn, references the new object C2, which is a copy of C.

 There are numerous ways to implement a deep copy operation if the shallow copy operation performed by the <xref:System.Object.MemberwiseClone%2A> method doesn't meet your needs. These include the following:

- Call a class constructor of the object to be copied to create a second object with property values taken from the first object. This assumes that the values of an object are entirely defined by its class constructor.
- Call the <xref:System.Object.MemberwiseClone%2A> method to create a shallow copy of an object, and then assign new objects whose values are the same as the original object to any properties or fields whose values are reference types. The `DeepCopy` method in the example illustrates this approach.
- Serialize the object to be deep copied, and then restore the serialized data to a different object variable.
- Use reflection with recursion to perform the deep copy operation.

## Examples
 The following example illustrates the <xref:System.Object.MemberwiseClone%2A> method. It defines a `ShallowCopy` method that calls the <xref:System.Object.MemberwiseClone%2A> method to perform a shallow copy operation on a `Person` object. It also defines a `DeepCopy` method that performs a deep copy operation on a `Person` object.

 :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/MemberwiseClone/memberwiseclone1.cs" interactive="try-dotnet" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/MemberwiseClone/memberwiseclone1.fs" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/System/Object/MemberwiseClone/memberwiseclone1.vb" id="Snippet1":::

 In this example, the `Person.IdInfo` property returns an `IdInfo` object. As the output from the example shows, when a `Person` object is cloned by calling the <xref:System.Object.MemberwiseClone%2A> method, the cloned `Person` object is an independent copy of the original object, except that they share the same `Person.IdInfo` object reference. As a result, modifying the clone's `Person.IdInfo` property changes the original object's `Person.IdInfo` property. On the other hand, when a deep copy operation is performed, the cloned `Person` object, including its `Person.IdInfo` property, can be modified without affecting the original object.

 ]]></format>
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      <Docs>
        <param name="objA">The first object to compare.</param>
        <param name="objB">The second object  to compare.</param>
        <summary>Determines whether the specified <see cref="T:System.Object" /> instances are the same instance.</summary>
        <returns>
          <see langword="true" /> if <paramref name="objA" /> is the same instance as <paramref name="objB" /> or if both are **null**; otherwise, <see langword="false" />.</returns>
        <remarks>
          <format type="text/markdown"><![CDATA[

## Remarks
 Unlike the <xref:System.Object.Equals%2A> method and the equality operator, the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method cannot be overridden. Because of this, if you want to test two object references for equality and you are unsure about the implementation of the `Equals` method, you can call the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method.

 However, the return value of the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method may appear to be anomalous in these two scenarios:

-   When comparing value types. If `objA` and `objB` are value types, they are boxed before they are passed to the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method. This means that if both `objA` and `objB` represent the same instance of a value type, the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method nevertheless returns `false`, as the following example shows.

     :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/ReferenceEquals/referenceequals4.cs" interactive="try-dotnet-method" id="Snippet1":::
     :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/ReferenceEquals/referenceequals4.fs" id="Snippet1":::
     :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR_System/system.object.referenceequals/vb/referenceequals4.vb" id="Snippet1":::

     For information on boxing value types, see [Boxing and Unboxing](/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/types/boxing-and-unboxing).

-   When comparing strings. If `objA` and `objB` are strings, the <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> method returns `true` if the string is interned. It does not perform a test for value equality.  In the following example, `s1` and `s2` are equal because they are two instances of a single interned string. However, `s3` and `s4` are not equal, because although they have identical string values, that string is not interned.

     :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/ReferenceEquals/referenceequalsa.cs" interactive="try-dotnet-method" id="Snippet2":::
     :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/ReferenceEquals/referenceequalsa.fs" id="Snippet2":::
     :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR_System/system.object.referenceequals/vb/referenceequalsa.vb" id="Snippet2":::

     For more information about string interning, see <xref:System.String.IsInterned%2A?displayProperty=nameWithType>.



## Examples

 The following example uses <xref:System.Object.ReferenceEquals%2A> to determine if two objects are the same instance.

 :::code language="cpp" source="~/snippets/cpp/VS_Snippets_CLR/ECMA-System.Object.ReferenceEquals/CPP/referenceequals.cpp" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="csharp" source="~/snippets/csharp/System/Object/ReferenceEquals/referenceequals.cs" interactive="try-dotnet-method" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="fsharp" source="~/snippets/fsharp/System/Object/ReferenceEquals/referenceequals.fs" id="Snippet1":::
 :::code language="vb" source="~/snippets/visualbasic/VS_Snippets_CLR/ECMA-System.Object.ReferenceEquals/vb/referenceequals.vb" id="Snippet1":::

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          <para>When you implement your own types, you should override the <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> method to return values that are meaningful for those types. Derived classes that require more control over formatting than <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> provides can implement the <see cref="T:System.IFormattable" /> interface. Its <see cref="M:System.IFormattable.ToString(System.String,System.IFormatProvider)" /> method enables you to define format strings that control formatting and to use an <see cref="T:System.IFormatProvider" /> object that can provide for culture-specific formatting.

 Overrides of the <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> method should follow these guidelines:

-   The returned string should be friendly and readable by humans.

-   The returned string should uniquely identify the value of the object instance.

-   The returned string should be as short as possible so that it is suitable for display by a debugger.

-   Your <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> override should not return <see cref="F:System.String.Empty" /> or a null string.

-   Your <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> override should not throw an exception.

-   If the string representation of an instance is culture-sensitive or can be formatted in multiple ways, implement the <see cref="T:System.IFormattable" /> interface.

-   If the returned string includes sensitive information, you should first demand an appropriate permission. If the demand succeeds, you can return the sensitive information; otherwise, you should return a string that excludes the sensitive information.

-   Your <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> override should have no observable side effects to avoid complications in debugging. For example, a call to the <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> method should not change the value of instance fields.

-   If your type implements a parsing method (or <see langword="Parse" /> or <see langword="TryParse" /> method, a constructor, or some other static method that instantiates an instance of the type from a string), you should ensure that the string returned by the <see cref="M:System.Object.ToString" /> method can be converted to an object instance.</para>
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        <related type="Article" href="/dotnet/standard/base-types/formatting-types">Formatting Types in .NET</related>
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