windows_exiftool.txt

NAME
    exiftool - Read and write meta information in files

RUNNING IN WINDOWS
    Drag and drop files or folders onto the exiftool executable to display
    meta information, or rename to "exiftool.exe" and run from the command
    line to access all exiftool features.

    This stand-alone Windows version allows simple command-line options to
    be added to the name of the executable (in brackets and separated by
    spaces at the end of the name), providing a mechanism to use options
    when launched via the mouse. For example, changing the executable name
    to "exiftool(-a -u -g1 -w txt).exe" gives a drag-and-drop utility which
    generates sidecar ".txt" files with detailed meta information. As
    shipped, the -k option is added to cause exiftool to pause before
    terminating (keeping the command window open). Options may also be added
    to the "Target" property of a Windows shortcut to the executable.

SYNOPSIS
  Reading
    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] [-*TAG*...] [--*TAG*...] *FILE*...

  Writing
    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] -*TAG*[+-^<]=[*VALUE*]... *FILE*...

  Copying
    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] -tagsFromFile *SRCFILE* [-[*DSTTAG*<]*SRCTAG*...]
    *FILE*...

  Other
    exiftool [ -ver | -list[w|f|r|wf|g[*NUM*]|d|x|geo] ]

    For specific examples, see the EXAMPLES sections below.

    This documentation is displayed if exiftool is run without an input
    *FILE* when one is expected.

DESCRIPTION
    A command-line interface to Image::ExifTool, used for reading and
    writing meta information in a variety of file types. *FILE* is one or
    more source file names, directory names, or "-" for the standard input.
    Metadata is read from source files and printed in readable form to the
    console (or written to output text files with -w).

    To write or delete metadata, tag values are assigned using
    -*TAG*=[*VALUE*], and/or the -geotag, -csv= or -json= options. To copy
    or move metadata, the -tagsFromFile feature is used. By default the
    original files are preserved with "_original" appended to their names --
    be sure to verify that the new files are OK before erasing the
    originals. Once in write mode, exiftool will ignore any read-specific
    options.

    Note: If *FILE* is a directory name then only supported file types in
    the directory are processed (in write mode only writable types are
    processed). However, files may be specified by name, or the -ext option
    may be used to force processing of files with any extension. Hidden
    files in the directory are also processed. Adding the -r option causes
    subdirectories to be processed recursively, but subdirectories with
    names beginning with "." are skipped unless -r. is used.

    Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
    supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):

      File Types
      ------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
      360   r/w   | DOCX  r     | ITC   r     | NUMBERS r   | RAM   r
      3FR   r     | DPX   r     | J2C   r     | NXD   r     | RAR   r
      3G2   r/w   | DR4   r/w/c | JNG   r/w   | O     r     | RAW   r/w
      3GP   r/w   | DSS   r     | JP2   r/w   | ODP   r     | RIFF  r
      7Z    r     | DV    r     | JPEG  r/w   | ODS   r     | RSRC  r
      A     r     | DVB   r/w   | JSON  r     | ODT   r     | RTF   r
      AA    r     | DVR-MS r    | JXL   r/w   | OFR   r     | RW2   r/w
      AAC   r     | DYLIB r     | K25   r     | OGG   r     | RWL   r/w
      AAE   r     | EIP   r     | KDC   r     | OGV   r     | RWZ   r
      AAX   r/w   | EPS   r/w   | KEY   r     | ONP   r     | RM    r
      ACR   r     | EPUB  r     | LA    r     | OPUS  r     | SEQ   r
      AFM   r     | ERF   r/w   | LFP   r     | ORF   r/w   | SKETCH r
      AI    r/w   | EXE   r     | LIF   r     | ORI   r/w   | SO    r
      AIFF  r     | EXIF  r/w/c | LNK   r     | OTF   r     | SR2   r/w
      APE   r     | EXR   r     | LRV   r/w   | PAC   r     | SRF   r
      ARQ   r/w   | EXV   r/w/c | M2TS  r     | PAGES r     | SRW   r/w
      ARW   r/w   | F4A/V r/w   | M4A/V r/w   | PBM   r/w   | SVG   r
      ASF   r     | FFF   r/w   | MACOS r     | PCAP  r     | SWF   r
      AVI   r     | FITS  r     | MAX   r     | PCAPNG r    | THM   r/w
      AVIF  r/w   | FLA   r     | MEF   r/w   | PCD   r     | TIFF  r/w
      AZW   r     | FLAC  r     | MIE   r/w/c | PCX   r     | TORRENT r
      BMP   r     | FLIF  r/w   | MIFF  r     | PDB   r     | TTC   r
      BPG   r     | FLV   r     | MKA   r     | PDF   r/w   | TTF   r
      BTF   r     | FPF   r     | MKS   r     | PEF   r/w   | TXT   r
      C2PA  r     | FPX   r     | MKV   r     | PFA   r     | VCF   r
      CHM   r     | GIF   r/w   | MNG   r/w   | PFB   r     | VNT   r
      COS   r     | GLV   r/w   | MOBI  r     | PFM   r     | VRD   r/w/c
      CR2   r/w   | GPR   r/w   | MODD  r     | PGF   r     | VSD   r
      CR3   r/w   | GZ    r     | MOI   r     | PGM   r/w   | WAV   r
      CRM   r/w   | HDP   r/w   | MOS   r/w   | PLIST r     | WDP   r/w
      CRW   r/w   | HDR   r     | MOV   r/w   | PICT  r     | WEBP  r/w
      CS1   r/w   | HEIC  r/w   | MP3   r     | PMP   r     | WEBM  r
      CSV   r     | HEIF  r/w   | MP4   r/w   | PNG   r/w   | WMA   r
      CUR   r     | HTML  r     | MPC   r     | PPM   r/w   | WMV   r
      CZI   r     | ICC   r/w/c | MPG   r     | PPT   r     | WPG   r
      DCM   r     | ICO   r     | MPO   r/w   | PPTX  r     | WTV   r
      DCP   r/w   | ICS   r     | MQV   r/w   | PS    r/w   | WV    r
      DCR   r     | IDML  r     | MRC   r     | PSB   r/w   | X3F   r/w
      DFONT r     | IIQ   r/w   | MRW   r/w   | PSD   r/w   | XCF   r
      DIVX  r     | IND   r/w   | MXF   r     | PSP   r     | XISF  r
      DJVU  r     | INSP  r/w   | NEF   r/w   | QTIF  r/w   | XLS   r
      DLL   r     | INSV  r     | NKA   r     | R3D   r     | XLSX  r
      DNG   r/w   | INX   r     | NKSC  r/w   | RA    r     | XMP   r/w/c
      DOC   r     | ISO   r     | NRW   r/w   | RAF   r/w   | ZIP   r

      Meta Information
      ----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
      EXIF           r/w/c  |  CIFF           r/w  |  Ricoh RMETA    r
      GPS            r/w/c  |  AFCP           r/w  |  Picture Info   r
      IPTC           r/w/c  |  Kodak Meta     r/w  |  Adobe APP14    r
      XMP            r/w/c  |  FotoStation    r/w  |  MPF            r
      MakerNotes     r/w/c  |  PhotoMechanic  r/w  |  Stim           r
      Photoshop IRB  r/w/c  |  JPEG 2000      r    |  DPX            r
      ICC Profile    r/w/c  |  DICOM          r    |  APE            r
      MIE            r/w/c  |  Flash          r    |  Vorbis         r
      JFIF           r/w/c  |  FlashPix       r    |  SPIFF          r
      Ducky APP12    r/w/c  |  QuickTime      r    |  DjVu           r
      PDF            r/w/c  |  Matroska       r    |  M2TS           r
      PNG            r/w/c  |  MXF            r    |  PE/COFF        r
      Canon VRD      r/w/c  |  PrintIM        r    |  AVCHD          r
      Nikon Capture  r/w/c  |  FLAC           r    |  ZIP            r
      GeoTIFF        r/w/c  |  ID3            r    |  (and more)

OPTIONS
    Case is not significant for any command-line option (including tag and
    group names), except for single-character options when the corresponding
    upper-case option exists. Many single-character options have equivalent
    long-name versions (shown in brackets), and some options have inverses
    which are invoked with a leading double-dash. Unrecognized options are
    interpreted as tag names (for this reason, multiple single-character
    options may NOT be combined into one argument). Contrary to standard
    practice, options may appear after source file names on the exiftool
    command line.

  Option Overview
    Tag operations

      -TAG or --TAG                    Extract or exclude specified tag
      -TAG[+-^]=[VALUE]                Write new value for tag
      -TAG[+-]<=DATFILE                Write tag value from contents of file
      -[+]TAG[+-]<SRCTAG               Copy tag value (see -tagsFromFile)

      -tagsFromFile SRCFILE            Copy tag values from file
      -x TAG      (-exclude)           Exclude specified tag

    Input-output text formatting

      -args       (-argFormat)         Format metadata as exiftool arguments
      -b          (-binary)            Output metadata in binary format
      -c FMT      (-coordFormat)       Set format for GPS coordinates
      -charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]        Specify encoding for special characters
      -csv[[+]=CSVFILE]                Export/import tags in CSV format
      -csvDelim STR                    Set delimiter for CSV file
      -d FMT      (-dateFormat)        Set format for date/time values
      -D          (-decimal)           Show tag ID numbers in decimal
      -E,-ex,-ec  (-escape(HTML|XML|C))Escape tag values for HTML, XML or C
      -f          (-forcePrint)        Force printing of all specified tags
      -g[NUM...]  (-groupHeadings)     Organize output by tag group
      -G[NUM...]  (-groupNames)        Print group name for each tag
      -h          (-htmlFormat)        Use HTML formatting for output
      -H          (-hex)               Show tag ID numbers in hexadecimal
      -htmlDump[OFFSET]                Generate HTML-format binary dump
      -j[[+]=JSONFILE] (-json)         Export/import tags in JSON format
      -l          (-long)              Use long 2-line output format
      -L          (-latin)             Use Windows Latin1 encoding
      -lang [LANG]                     Set current language
      -listItem INDEX                  Extract specific item from a list
      -n          (--printConv)        No print conversion
      -p[-] STR   (-printFormat)       Print output in specified format
      -php                             Export tags as a PHP Array
      -plot                            Output tags as SVG plot file
      -s[NUM]     (-short)             Short output format (-s for tag names)
      -S          (-veryShort)         Very short output format
      -sep STR    (-separator)         Set separator string for list items
      -sort                            Sort output alphabetically
      -struct                          Enable output of structured information
      -t          (-tab)               Output in tab-delimited list format
      -T          (-table)             Output in tabular format
      -v[NUM]     (-verbose)           Print verbose messages
      -w[+|!] EXT (-textOut)           Write (or overwrite!) output text files
      -W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut)            Write output text file for each tag
      -Wext EXT   (-tagOutExt)         Write only specified file types with -W
      -X          (-xmlFormat)         Use RDF/XML output format

    Processing control

      -a          (-duplicates)        Allow duplicate tags to be extracted
      -e          (--composite)        Do not generate composite tags
      -ee[NUM]    (-extractEmbedded)   Extract information from embedded files
      -ext[+] EXT (-extension)         Process files with specified extension
      -F[OFFSET]  (-fixBase)           Fix the base for maker notes offsets
      -fast[NUM]                       Increase speed when extracting metadata
      -fileOrder[NUM] [-]TAG           Set file processing order
      -i DIR      (-ignore)            Ignore specified directory name
      -if[NUM] EXPR                    Conditionally process files
      -m          (-ignoreMinorErrors) Ignore minor errors and warnings
      -o OUTFILE  (-out)               Set output file or directory name
      -overwrite_original              Overwrite original by renaming tmp file
      -overwrite_original_in_place     Overwrite original by copying tmp file
      -P          (-preserve)          Preserve file modification date/time
      -password PASSWD                 Password for processing protected files
      -progress[NUM][:[TITLE]]         Show file progress count
      -q          (-quiet)             Quiet processing
      -r[.]       (-recurse)           Recursively process subdirectories
      -scanForXMP                      Brute force XMP scan
      -u          (-unknown)           Extract unknown tags
      -U          (-unknown2)          Extract unknown binary tags too
      -wm MODE    (-writeMode)         Set mode for writing/creating tags
      -z          (-zip)               Read/write compressed information

    Other options

      -@ ARGFILE                       Read command-line arguments from file
      -k          (-pause)             Pause before terminating
      -list[w|f|wf|g[NUM]|d|x]         List various exiftool capabilities
      -ver                             Print exiftool version number
      --                               End of options

    Special features

      -diff FILE2                      Compare metadata with another file
      -geotag TRKFILE                  Geotag images from specified GPS log
      -globalTimeShift SHIFT           Shift all formatted date/time values
      -use MODULE                      Add features from plug-in module

    Utilities

      -delete_original[!]              Delete "_original" backups
      -restore_original                Restore from "_original" backups

    Advanced options

      -api OPT[[^]=[VAL]]              Set ExifTool API option
      -common_args                     Define common arguments
      -config CFGFILE                  Specify configuration file name
      -echo[NUM] TEXT                  Echo text to stdout or stderr
      -efile[NUM][!] TXTFILE           Save names of files with errors
      -execute[NUM]                    Execute multiple commands on one line
      -fileNUM ALTFILE                 Load tags from alternate file
      -list_dir                        List directories, not their contents
      -srcfile FMT                     Process a different source file
      -stay_open FLAG                  Keep reading -@ argfile even after EOF
      -userParam PARAM[[^]=[VAL]]      Set user parameter (API UserParam opt)

  Option Details
   Tag operations
    -*TAG*
         Extract information for the specified tag (eg. "-CreateDate").
         Multiple tags may be specified in a single command. A tag name is
         the handle by which a piece of information is referenced. See
         Image::ExifTool::TagNames for documentation on available tag names.
         A tag name may include leading group names separated by colons (eg.
         "-EXIF:CreateDate", or "-Doc1:XMP:Creator"), and each group name
         may be prefixed by a digit to specify family number (eg.
         "-1IPTC:City"). (Note that the API SavePath and SaveFormat options
         must be used for the family 5 and 6 groups respectively to be
         available.) Use the -listg option to list available group names by
         family.

         A special tag name of "All" may be used to indicate all meta
         information (ie. -All). This is particularly useful when a group
         name is specified to extract all information in a group (but beware
         that unless the -a option is also used, some tags in the group may
         be suppressed by same-named tags in other groups). The wildcard
         characters "?" and "*" may be used in a tag name to match any
         single character and zero or more characters respectively. These
         may not be used in a group name, with the exception that a group
         name of "*" (or "All") may be used to extract all instances of a
         tag (as if -a was used). Note that arguments containing wildcards
         must be quoted on the command line of most systems to prevent shell
         globbing.

         A "#" may be appended to the tag name to disable the print
         conversion on a per-tag basis (see the -n option). This may also be
         used when writing or copying tags.

         If no tags are specified, all available information is extracted
         (as if "-All" had been specified).

         Note: Descriptions, not tag names, are shown by default when
         extracting information. Use the -s option to see the tag names
         instead.

    --*TAG*
         Exclude specified tag from extracted information. Same as the -x
         option. Group names and wildcards are permitted as described above
         for -TAG. Once excluded from the output, a tag may not be
         re-included by a subsequent option. May also be used following a
         -tagsFromFile option to exclude tags from being copied (when
         redirecting to another tag, it is the source tag that should be
         excluded), or to exclude groups from being deleted when deleting
         all information (eg. "-all= --exif:all" deletes all but EXIF
         information). But note that this will not exclude individual tags
         from a group delete (unless a family 2 group is specified, see note
         4 below). Instead, individual tags may be recovered using the
         -tagsFromFile option (eg. "-all= -tagsfromfile @ -artist").

         To speed processing when reading XMP, exclusions in XMP groups also
         bypass processing of the corresponding XMP property and any
         contained properties. For example, "--xmp-crs:all" may speed
         processing significantly in cases where a large number of XMP-crs
         tags exist. To use this feature to bypass processing of a specific
         XMP property, the property name must be used instead of the
         ExifTool tag name (eg. "--xmp-crs:dabs"). Also, "XMP-all" may be
         used to to indicate any XMP namespace (eg. "--xmp-all:dabs").

    -*TAG*[+-^]=[*VALUE*]
         Write a new value for the specified tag (eg. "-comment=wow"), or
         delete the tag if no *VALUE* is given (eg. "-comment="). "+=" and
         "-=" are used to add or remove existing entries from a list, or to
         shift date/time values (see Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl and notes 6
         and 7 below for more details). "+=" may also be used to increment
         numerical values (or decrement if *VALUE* is negative), and "-="
         may be used to conditionally delete or replace a tag (see "WRITING
         EXAMPLES" for examples). "^=" is used to write an empty string
         instead of deleting the tag when no *VALUE* is given, but otherwise
         it is equivalent to "=". (Note that the caret must be quoted on the
         Windows command line.)

         *TAG* may contain one or more leading family 0, 1, 2 or 7 group
         names, prefixed by optional family numbers, and separated colons.
         If no group name is specified, the tag is created in the preferred
         group, and updated in any other location where a same-named tag
         already exists. The preferred group in JPEG and TIFF-format images
         is the first group in the following list where *TAG* is valid: 1)
         EXIF, 2) IPTC, 3) XMP.

         The wildcards "*" and "?" may be used in tag names to assign the
         same value to multiple tags. When specified with wildcards,
         "Unsafe" tags are not written. A tag name of "All" is equivalent to
         "*" (except that it doesn't require quoting, while arguments with
         wildcards do on systems with shell globbing), and is often used
         when deleting all metadata (ie. "-All=") or an entire group (eg.
         "-XMP-dc:All=", see note 4 below). Note that not all groups are
         deletable, and that the JPEG APP14 "Adobe" group is not removed by
         default with "-All=" because it may affect the appearance of the
         image. However, color space information is removed, so the colors
         may be affected (but this may be avoided by copying back the tags
         defined by the ColorSpaceTags shortcut). Use the -listd option for
         a complete list of deletable groups, and see note 5 below regarding
         the "APP" groups. Also, within an image some groups may be
         contained within others, and these groups are removed if the
         containing group is deleted:

           JPEG Image:
           - Deleting EXIF or IFD0 also deletes ExifIFD, GlobParamIFD,
             GPS, IFD1, InteropIFD, MakerNotes, PrintIM and SubIFD.
           - Deleting ExifIFD also deletes InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
           - Deleting Photoshop also deletes IPTC.

           TIFF Image:
           - Deleting EXIF only removes ExifIFD which also deletes
             InteropIFD and MakerNotes.

           MOV/MP4 Video:
           - Deleting ItemList also deletes Keys tags.

         Notes:

         1) Many tag values may be assigned in a single command. If two
         assignments affect the same tag, the latter takes precedence
         (except for list-type tags, for which both values are written).

         2) In general, MakerNotes tags are considered "Permanent", and may
         be edited but not created or deleted individually. This avoids many
         potential problems, including the inevitable compatibility problems
         with OEM software which may be very inflexible about the
         information it expects to find in the maker notes.

         3) Changes to PDF files by ExifTool are reversible (by deleting the
         update with "-PDF-update:all=") because the original information is
         never actually deleted from the file. So ExifTool alone may not be
         used to securely edit metadata in PDF files.

         4) Specifying "-GROUP:all=" deletes the entire group as a block
         only if a single family 0 or 1 group is specified. Otherwise all
         deletable tags in the specified group(s) are removed individually,
         and in this case is it possible to exclude individual tags from a
         mass delete. For example, "-time:all --Exif:Time:All" removes all
         deletable Time tags except those in the EXIF. This difference also
         applies if family 2 is specified when deleting all groups. For
         example, "-2all:all=" deletes tags individually, while "-all:all="
         deletes entire blocks.

         5) The "APP" group names ("APP0" through "APP15") are used to
         delete JPEG application segments which are not associated with
         another deletable group. For example, specifying "-APP14:All=" will
         NOT delete the APP14 "Adobe" segment because this is accomplished
         with "-Adobe:All". But note that these unnamed APP segments may not
         be excluded with "--APPxx:all" when deleting all information.

         6) When shifting a value, the shift is applied to the original
         value of the tag, overriding any other values previously assigned
         to the tag on the same command line. To shift a date/time value and
         copy it to another tag in the same operation, use the
         -globalTimeShift option.

         7) The "+=" operator may not be used to shift a List-type date/time
         tag (eg. XMP-dc:Date) because "+=" is used to add elements to the
         list. Instead, the -globalTimeShift option should be used.

         Special feature: Integer values may be specified in hexadecimal
         with a leading "0x", and simple rational values may be specified as
         fractions.

    -*TAG*<=*DATFILE* or -*TAG*<=*FMT*
         Set the value of a tag from the contents of file *DATFILE*. The
         file name may also be given by a *FMT* string where %d, %f and %e
         represent the directory, file name and extension of the original
         *FILE* (see the -w option for more details). Note that quotes are
         required around this argument to prevent shell redirection since it
         contains a "<" symbol. If *DATFILE*/*FMT* is not provided, the
         effect is the same as "-TAG=", and the tag is simply deleted. "+<="
         or "-<=" may also be used to add or delete specific list entries,
         or to shift date/time values.

    -tagsFromFile *SRCFILE* or *FMT*
         Copy tag values from *SRCFILE* to *FILE*. Tag names on the command
         line after this option specify the tags to be copied, or excluded
         from the copy. Wildcards are permitted in these tag names. If no
         tags are specified, then all possible tags (see note 1 below) from
         the source file are copied to same-named tags in the preferred
         location of the output file (the same as specifying "-all"). More
         than one -tagsFromFile option may be used to copy tags from
         multiple files.

         By default, this option will update any existing and writable
         same-named tags in the output *FILE*, but will create new tags only
         in their preferred groups. This allows some information to be
         automatically transferred to the appropriate group when copying
         between images of different formats. However, if a group name is
         specified for a tag then the information is written only to this
         group (unless redirected to another group, see below). If "All" is
         used as a group name, then the specified tag(s) are written to the
         same family 1 group they had in the source file (ie. the same
         specific location, like ExifIFD or XMP-dc). For example, the common
         operation of copying all writable tags to the same specific
         locations in the output *FILE* is achieved by adding "-all:all". A
         different family may be specified by adding a leading family number
         to the group name (eg. "-0all:all" preserves the same general
         location, like EXIF or XMP).

         *SRCFILE* may be the same as *FILE* to move information around
         within a single file. In this case, "@" may be used to represent
         the source file (ie. "-tagsFromFile @"), permitting this feature to
         be used for batch processing multiple files. Specified tags are
         then copied from each file in turn as it is rewritten. For advanced
         batch use, the source file name may also be specified using a *FMT*
         string in which %d, %f and %e represent the directory, file name
         and extension of *FILE*. (eg. the current *FILE* would be
         represented by "%d%f.%e", with the same effect as "@"). See the -w
         option for *FMT* string examples.

         A powerful redirection feature allows a destination tag to be
         specified for each copied tag. With this feature, information may
         be written to a tag with a different name or group. This is done
         using "-*DSTTAG*<*SRCTAG*" or "-*SRCTAG*>*DSTTAG*" on the command
         line after -tagsFromFile, and causes the value of *SRCTAG* to be
         copied from *SRCFILE* and written to *DSTTAG* in *FILE*. Has no
         effect unless *SRCTAG* exists in *SRCFILE*. Note that this argument
         must be quoted to prevent shell redirection, and there is no "="
         sign as when assigning new values. Source and/or destination tags
         may be prefixed by a group name and/or suffixed by "#". Wildcards
         are allowed in both the source and destination tag names. A
         destination group and/or tag name of "All" or "*" writes to the
         same family 1 group and/or tag name as the source (but the family
         may be specified by adding a leading number to the group name, eg.
         "0All" writes to the same family 0 group as the source). If no
         destination group is specified, the information is written to the
         preferred group. Whitespace around the ">" or "<" is ignored. As a
         convenience, "-tagsFromFile @" is assumed for any redirected tags
         which are specified without a prior -tagsFromFile option. Copied
         tags may also be added or deleted from a list with arguments of the
         form "-*SRCTAG*+<*DSTTAG*" or "-*SRCTAG*-<*DSTTAG*" (but see Note 5
         below).

         An extension of the redirection feature allows strings involving
         tag names to be used on the right hand side of the "<" symbol with
         the syntax "-*DSTTAG*<*STR*", where tag names in *STR* are prefixed
         with a "$" symbol. See the -p option and the "Advanced formatting
         feature" section for more details about this syntax. Strings
         starting with a "=" sign must insert a single space after the "<"
         to avoid confusion with the "<=" operator which sets the tag value
         from the contents of a file. A single space at the start of the
         string is removed if it exists, but all other whitespace in the
         string is preserved. See note 8 below about using the redirection
         feature with list-type stags, shortcuts or when using wildcards in
         tag names.

         See "COPYING EXAMPLES" for examples using -tagsFromFile.

         Notes:

         1) Some tags (generally tags which may affect the appearance of the
         image) are considered "Unsafe" to write, and are only copied if
         specified explicitly (ie. no wildcards). See the tag name
         documentation for more details about "Unsafe" tags.

         2) Be aware of the difference between excluding a tag from being
         copied (--*TAG*), and deleting a tag (-*TAG*=). Excluding a tag
         prevents it from being copied to the destination image, but
         deleting will remove a pre-existing tag from the image.

         3) The maker note information is copied as a block, so it isn't
         affected like other information by subsequent tag assignments on
         the command line, and individual makernote tags may not be excluded
         from a block copy. Also, since the PreviewImage referenced from the
         maker notes may be rather large, it is not copied, and must be
         transferred separately if desired.

         4) The order of operations is to copy all specified tags at the
         point of the -tagsFromFile option in the command line. Any tag
         assignment to the right of the -tagsFromFile option is made after
         all tags are copied. For example, new tag values are set in the
         order One, Two, Three then Four with this command:

             exiftool -One=1 -tagsFromFile s.jpg -Two -Four=4 -Three d.jpg

         This is significant in the case where an overlap exists between the
         copied and assigned tags because later operations may override
         earlier ones.

         5) The normal behaviour of copied tags differs from that of
         assigned tags for list-type tags and conditional replacements
         because each copy operation on a tag overrides any previous
         operations. While this avoids duplicate list items when copying
         groups of tags from a file containing redundant information, it
         also prevents values of different tags from being copied into the
         same list when this is the intent. To accumulate values from
         different operations into the same list, add a "+" after the
         initial "-" of the argument. For example:

             exiftool -tagsfromfile @ '-subject<make' '-+subject<model' ...

         Similarly, "-+DSTTAG" must be used when conditionally replacing a
         tag to prevent overriding earlier conditions.

         6) The -a option (allow duplicate tags) is always in effect when
         copying tags from *SRCFILE*, but the highest priority tag is always
         copied last so it takes precedence.

         7) Structured tags are copied by default when copying tags. See the
         -struct option for details.

         8) With the redirection feature, copying a tag directly (ie.
         "'-*DSTTAG*<*SRCTAG*'") is not the same as interpolating its value
         inside a string (ie. "'-*DSTTAG*<$*SRCTAG*'") for source tags which
         are list-type tags, shortcut tags, or tag names containing
         wildcards. When copying directly, the values of each matching
         source tag are copied individually to the destination tag (as if
         they were separate assignments). However, when interpolated inside
         a string, list items and the values of shortcut tags are
         concatenated (with a separator set by the -sep option), and
         wildcards are not allowed.Another difference is that a minor
         warning is generated if a tag doesn't exist when interpolating its
         value in a string (with "$"), but isn't when copying the tag
         directly.

         Finally, the behaviour is different when a destination tag or group
         of "All" is used. When copying directly, a destination group and/or
         tag name of "All" writes to the same family 1 group and/or tag name
         as the source. But when interpolated in a string, the identity of
         the source tags are lost and the value is written to all possible
         groups/tags. For example, the string form must be used in the
         following command since the intent is to set the value of all
         existing date/time tags from "CreateDate":

             exiftool "-time:all<$createdate" -wm w FILE

    -x *TAG* (-exclude)
         Exclude the specified tag. There may be multiple -x options. This
         has the same effect as --*TAG* on the command line. See the --*TAG*
         documentation above for a complete description.

   Input-output text formatting
    Note that trailing spaces are removed from extracted values for most
    output text formats. The exceptions are -b, -csv, -j and -X.

    -args (-argFormat)
         Output information in the form of exiftool arguments, suitable for
         use with the -@ option when writing. May be combined with the -G
         option to include group names. This feature may be used to
         effectively copy tags between images, but allows the metadata to be
         altered by editing the intermediate file ("out.args" in this
         example):

             exiftool -args -G1 --filename --directory src.jpg > out.args
             exiftool -@ out.args -sep ", " dst.jpg

         Note: Be careful when copying information with this technique since
         it is easy to write tags which are normally considered "Unsafe".
         For instance, the FileName and Directory tags are excluded in the
         example above to avoid renaming and moving the destination file.
         Also note that the second command above will produce warning
         messages for any tags which are not writable.

         As well, the -sep option should be used as in the second command
         above to maintain separate list items when writing metadata back to
         image files, and the -struct option may be used when extracting to
         preserve structured XMP information.

    -b, --b (-binary, --binary)
         Output requested metadata in binary format without tag names or
         descriptions (-b or -binary). This option is mainly used for
         extracting embedded images or other binary data, but it may also be
         useful for some text strings since control characters (such as
         newlines) are not replaced by '.' as they are in the default
         output. By default, list items are separated by a newline when
         extracted with the -b option and no terminator is added after each
         tag value, but the list separator may be changed with a -sep option
         and a terminator may be set by adding a second -sep option (see the
         -sep option for details). May be combined with -j, -php or -X to
         extract binary data in JSON, PHP or XML format, but note that
         "Unsafe" tags are not extracted as binary unless they are specified
         explicitly or the API RequestAll option is set to 3 or higher.

         With a leading double dash (--b or --binary), tags which contain
         binary data are suppressed in the output when reading.

    -c *FMT* (-coordFormat)
         Set the print format for GPS coordinates. *FMT* uses the same
         syntax as a "printf" format string. The specifiers correspond to
         degrees, minutes and seconds in that order, but minutes and seconds
         are optional. For example, the following table gives the output for
         the same coordinate using various formats:

                     FMT                  Output
             -------------------    ------------------
             "%d deg %d' %.2f"\"    54 deg 59' 22.80"  (default for reading)
             "%d %d %.8f"           54 59 22.80000000  (default for copying)
             "%d deg %.4f min"      54 deg 59.3800 min
             "%.6f degrees"         54.989667 degrees

         Notes:

         1) To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is
         different when copying tags using the -tagsFromFile option.

         2) If the hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or W)
         is appended to each printed coordinate, but adding a "+" or "-" to
         the format specifier (eg. "%+.6f" or "%-.6f") prints a signed
         coordinate instead. ("+" adds a leading "+" for positive
         coordinates, but "-" does not.)

         3) This print formatting may be disabled with the -n option to
         extract coordinates as signed decimal degrees.

    -charset [[*TYPE*=]*CHARSET*]
         If *TYPE* is "ExifTool" or not specified, this option sets the
         ExifTool character encoding for output tag values when reading and
         input values when writing, with a default of "UTF8". If no
         *CHARSET* is given, a list of available character sets is returned.
         Valid *CHARSET* values are:

             CHARSET     Alias(es)        Description
             ----------  ---------------  ----------------------------------
             UTF8        cp65001, UTF-8   UTF-8 characters (default)
             Latin       cp1252, Latin1   Windows Latin1 (West European)
             Latin2      cp1250           Windows Latin2 (Central European)
             Cyrillic    cp1251, Russian  Windows Cyrillic
             Greek       cp1253           Windows Greek
             Turkish     cp1254           Windows Turkish
             Hebrew      cp1255           Windows Hebrew
             Arabic      cp1256           Windows Arabic
             Baltic      cp1257           Windows Baltic
             Vietnam     cp1258           Windows Vietnamese
             Thai        cp874            Windows Thai
             DOSLatinUS  cp437            DOS Latin US
             DOSLatin1   cp850            DOS Latin1
             DOSCyrillic cp866            DOS Cyrillic
             MacRoman    cp10000, Roman   Macintosh Roman
             MacLatin2   cp10029          Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
             MacCyrillic cp10007          Macintosh Cyrillic
             MacGreek    cp10006          Macintosh Greek
             MacTurkish  cp10081          Macintosh Turkish
             MacRomanian cp10010          Macintosh Romanian
             MacIceland  cp10079          Macintosh Icelandic
             MacCroatian cp10082          Macintosh Croatian

         *TYPE* may be "FileName" to specify the encoding of file names on
         the command line (ie. *FILE* arguments). In Windows, this triggers
         use of wide-character i/o routines, thus providing support for
         Unicode file names. See the "WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES" section
         below for details.

         Other values of *TYPE* listed below are used to specify the
         internal encoding of various meta information formats.

             TYPE       Description                                  Default
             ---------  -------------------------------------------  -------
             EXIF       Internal encoding of EXIF "ASCII" strings    (none)
             ID3        Internal encoding of ID3v1 information       Latin
             IPTC       Internal IPTC encoding to assume when        Latin
                         IPTC:CodedCharacterSet is not defined
             Photoshop  Internal encoding of Photoshop IRB strings   Latin
             QuickTime  Internal encoding of QuickTime strings       MacRoman
             RIFF       Internal encoding of RIFF strings            0

         See <https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q10> for more information about
         coded character sets, and the Image::ExifTool Options for more
         details about the -charset settings.

    -csv[[+]=*CSVFILE*]
         Export information in CSV format, or import information if
         *CSVFILE* is specified. When importing, the CSV file must be in
         exactly the same format as the exported file. The first row of the
         *CSVFILE* must be the ExifTool tag names (with optional group
         names) for each column of the file, and values must be separated by
         commas. A special "SourceFile" column specifies the files
         associated with each row of information (and a SourceFile of "*"
         may be used to define default tags to be imported for all files
         which are combined with any tags specified for the specific
         SourceFile processed). The -csvDelim option may be used to change
         the input/output field delimiter if something other than a comma is
         required.

         The following examples demonstrate basic use of the -csv option:

             # generate CSV file with common tags from all images in a directory
             exiftool -common -csv dir > out.csv

             # update metadata for all images in a directory from CSV file
             exiftool -csv=a.csv dir

         When importing, empty values are ignored unless the -f option is
         used and the API MissingTagValue is set to an empty string (in
         which case the tag is deleted). Also, FileName and Directory
         columns are ignored if they exist (ie. ExifTool will not attempt to
         write these tags with a CSV import), but all other columns are
         imported. To force a tag to be deleted, use the -f option and set
         the value to "-" in the CSV file (or to the MissingTagValue if this
         API option was used). Multiple databases may be imported in a
         single command.

         Specific tags may be imported from the CSV database by adding
         -*TAG* options to the command, or excluded with --*TAG*, with
         exclusions taking priority. Group names and wildcards are allowed.
         If no tags are specified, then all except FileName and Directory
         are used. Tags are imported in the same order as the database
         entries.

         When exporting a CSV file, the -g or -G option adds group names to
         the tag headings. If the -a option is used to allow duplicate tag
         names, the duplicate tags are only included in the CSV output if
         the column headings are unique. Adding the -G4 option ensures a
         unique column heading for each tag. The -b option may be added to
         output binary data, encoded in base64 if necessary (indicated by
         ASCII "base64:" as the first 7 bytes of the value). Values may also
         be encoded in base64 if the -charset option is used and the value
         contains invalid characters.

         When exporting specific tags, the CSV columns are arranged in the
         same order as the specified tags provided the column headings
         exactly match the specified tag names, otherwise the columns are
         sorted in alphabetical order.

         When importing from a CSV file, only files specified on the command
         line are processed. Any extra entries in the CSV file are ignored.

         List-type tags are stored as simple strings in a CSV file, but the
         -sep option may be used to split them back into separate items when
         importing.

         Special feature: -csv+=*CSVFILE* may be used to add items to
         existing lists. This affects only list-type tags. Also applies to
         the -j option.

         Note that this and the -plot options are fundamentally different
         than all other output format options because they require
         information from all input files to be buffered in memory before
         the output is written. This may result in excessive memory usage
         when processing a very large number of files with a single command.
         Also, when used with -csv, the -w option changes to specify a
         complete file name with no filename formatting codes or append mode
         allowed, and -W may not be used. When processing a large number of
         files, it is recommended to either use the JSON (-j) or XML (-X)
         output format, or use -p to generate a fixed-column CSV file
         instead of using the -csv option.

    -csvDelim *STR*
         Set the delimiter for separating CSV entries for CSV file
         input/output via the -csv option. *STR* may contain "\t", "\n",
         "\r" and "\\" to represent TAB, LF, CR and '\' respectively. A
         double quote is not allowed in the delimiter. Default is ','.

    -d *FMT* (-dateFormat)
         Set the format for date/time tag values. The *FMT* string may
         contain formatting codes beginning with a percent character ("%")
         to represent the various components of a date/time value. ExifTool
         implements 3 format codes internally (see below), but other format
         codes are system dependent -- consult the "strftime" man page on
         your system for details. The default format is equivalent to
         "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S". This option has no effect on date-only or
         time-only tags. Requires POSIX::strptime or Time::Piece for the
         inversion conversion when writing. Only one -d option may be used
         per command.

         Additional format codes implemented internally by ExifTool:

         1) %z represents the time zone in "+/-HHMM" format. Adding a colon
         (ie. %:z) adds a colon separator (eg. "-05:00"). If the date/time
         value doesn't contain a time zone then %z gives the system time
         zone for the specified date/time value.

         2) %f represents fractional seconds, and supports an optional width
         to specify the number of digits after the decimal point (eg. %3f
         would give something like ".437"). Adding a minus sign drops the
         decimal point (eg. "%-3f" would give "437").

         3) %s represents the number of seconds since 00:00 UTC Jan 1, 1970,
         taking into account the specified time zone (or system time zone if
         not specified).

    -D (-decimal)
         Show tag ID number in decimal when extracting information.

    -E, -ex, -ec (-escapeHTML, -escapeXML, -escapeC)
         Escape characters in output tag values for HTML (-E), XML (-ex) or
         C (-ec). For HTML, all characters with Unicode code points above
         U+007F are escaped as well as the following 5 characters: & (&amp;)
         ' (&#39;) " (&quot;) > (&gt;) and < (&lt;). For XML, only these 5
         characters are escaped. The -E option is implied with -h, and -ex
         is implied with -X. For C, all control characters and the backslash
         are escaped. The inverse conversion is applied when writing tags.

    -f (-forcePrint)
         Force printing of tags even if they don't exist. This option
         applies to tags specified on the command line, or with the -p, -if
         or -tagsFromFile options. When -f is used, the value of any missing
         tag is set to a dash ("-") by default, but this may be configured
         via the API MissingTagValue option. -f is also used to add a
         'flags' attribute to the -listx output, or to allow tags to be
         deleted when writing with the -csv=*CSVFILE* feature.

    -g[*NUM*][:*NUM*...] (-groupHeadings)
         Organize output by tag group. *NUM* specifies a group family
         number, and may be 0 (general location), 1 (specific location), 2
         (category), 3 (document number), 4 (instance number), 5 (metadata
         path), 6 (EXIF/TIFF format), 7 (tag ID) or 8 (file number). -g0 is
         assumed if a family number is not specified. May be combined with
         other options to add group names to the output. Multiple families
         may be specified by separating them with colons. By default the
         resulting group name is simplified by removing any leading "Main:"
         and collapsing adjacent identical group names, but this can be
         avoided by placing a colon before the first family number (eg.
         -g:3:1). Use the -listg option to list group names for a specified
         family. The API SavePath and SaveFormat options are automatically
         enabled if the respective family 5 or 6 group names are requested.
         See the API GetGroup documentation for more information.

    -G[*NUM*][:*NUM*...] (-groupNames)
         Same as -g but print group name for each tag. -G0 is assumed if
         *NUM* is not specified. May be combined with a number of other
         options to add group names to the output. Note that *NUM* may be
         added wherever -G is mentioned in the documentation. See the -g
         option above for details.

    -h (-htmlFormat)
         Use HTML table formatting for output. Implies the -E option. The
         formatting options -D, -H, -g, -G, -l and -s may be used in
         combination with -h to influence the HTML format.

    -H (-hex)
         Show tag ID number in hexadecimal when extracting information.

    -htmlDump[*OFFSET*]
         Generate a dynamic web page containing a hex dump of the EXIF
         information. This can be a very powerful tool for low-level
         analysis of EXIF information. The -htmlDump option is also invoked
         if the -v and -h options are used together. The verbose level
         controls the maximum length of the blocks dumped. An *OFFSET* may
         be given to specify the base for displayed offsets. If not
         provided, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is used. Use -htmlDump0 for
         absolute offsets. Currently only EXIF/TIFF and JPEG information is
         dumped, but the -u option can be used to give a raw hex dump of
         other file formats.

    -j[[+]=*JSONFILE*] (-json)
         Use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formatting for console
         output, or import JSON file if *JSONFILE* is specified. This option
         may be combined with -g to organize the output into objects by
         group, or -G to add group names to each tag. List-type tags with
         multiple items are output as JSON arrays unless -sep is used. By
         default XMP structures are flattened into individual tags in the
         JSON output, but the original structure may be preserved with the
         -struct option (this also causes all list-type XMP tags to be
         output as JSON arrays, otherwise single-item lists would be output
         as simple strings). The -a option is implied when -json is used,
         but entries with identical JSON names are suppressed in the output.
         (-G4 may be used to ensure that all tags have unique JSON names.)

         Adding the -D or -H option changes tag values to JSON objects with
         "val" and "id" fields. Adding -l adds a "desc" field, and a "num"
         field if the numerical value is different from the converted "val",
         and "fmt" and "hex" fields for EXIF metadata if the API SaveFormat
         and SaveBin options are set respectively, and the length of the
         "hex" output is limited by the API LimitLongValues setting. The -b
         option may be added to output binary data, encoded in base64 if
         necessary (indicated by ASCII "base64:" as the first 7 bytes of the
         value), and -t may be added to include tag table information (see
         -t for details). The JSON output is UTF-8 regardless of any -L or
         -charset option setting, but the UTF-8 validation is disabled if a
         character set other than UTF-8 is specified.

         Note that ExifTool quotes JSON values only if they don't look like
         numbers (regardless of the original storage format or the relevant
         metadata specification). This may be a problem when reading the
         JSON via a strongly typed language. However, the API StructFormat
         option may be set to "JSONQ" to force quoting of numbers. As well,
         the -sep option may be used to convert arrays into strings. For
         example:

             exiftool -j -api structformat=jsonq -sep ", " ...

         If *JSONFILE* is specified, the file is imported and the tag
         definitions from the file are used to set tag values on a per-file
         basis. The special "SourceFile" entry in each JSON object
         associates the information with a specific target file. An object
         with a missing SourceFile or a SourceFile of "*" defines default
         tags for all target files which are combined with any tags
         specified for the specific SourceFile processed. The imported JSON
         file must have the same format as the exported JSON files with the
         exception that options exporting JSON objects instead of simple
         values are not compatible with the import file format (ie. export
         with -D, -H, -l, or -T is not compatible, and use -G instead of
         -g). Additionally, tag names in the input JSON file may be suffixed
         with a "#" to disable print conversion.

         Specific tags may be imported from the JSON database by adding
         -*TAG* options to the command, or excluded with --*TAG*, with
         exclusions taking priority. Group names and wildcards are allowed.
         If no tags are specified, then all except FileName and Directory
         are used. Tags are imported in the same order as the database
         entries.

         Unlike CSV import, empty values are not ignored, and will cause an
         empty value to be written if supported by the specific metadata
         type. Tags are deleted by using the -f option and setting the tag
         value to "-" (or to the MissingTagValue setting if this API option
         was used). Importing with -j+=*JSONFILE* causes new values to be
         added to existing lists.

    -l (-long)
         Use long 2-line Canon-style output format. Adds a description and
         unconverted value (if it is different from the converted value) to
         the XML, JSON or PHP output when -X, -j or -php is used. May also
         be combined with -listf, -listr or -listwf to add descriptions of
         the file types.

    -L (-latin)
         Use Windows Latin1 encoding (cp1252) for output tag values instead
         of the default UTF-8. When writing, -L specifies that input text
         values are Latin1 instead of UTF-8. Equivalent to "-charset latin".

    -lang [*LANG*]
         Set current language for tag descriptions and converted values.
         *LANG* is "de", "fr", "ja", etc. Use -lang with no other arguments
         to get a list of available languages. The default language is "en"
         if -lang is not specified. Note that tag/group names are always
         English, independent of the -lang setting, and translation of
         warning/error messages has not yet been implemented. May also be
         combined with -listx to output descriptions in one language only.

         By default, ExifTool uses UTF-8 encoding for special characters,
         but the -L or -charset option may be used to invoke other
         encodings. Note that ExifTool uses Unicode::LineBreak if available
         to help preserve the column alignment of the plain text output for
         languages with a variable-width character set.

         Currently, the language support is not complete, but users are
         welcome to help improve this by submitting their own translations.
         To submit a translation, follow these steps (you must have Perl
         installed for this):

         1. Download and unpack the latest Image-ExifTool full distribution.

         2. "cd" into the Image-ExifTool directory.

         3. Run this command to make an XML file of the desired tags (eg.
         EXIF):

            ./exiftool -listx -exif:all > out.xml

         4. Copy this text into a file called "import.pl" in the exiftool
         directory:

             push @INC, 'lib';
             require Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML;
             my $file = shift or die "Expected XML file name\n";
             $Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::makeMissing = shift;
             Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::BuildLangModules($file,8);

         5. Run the "import.pl" script to Import the XML file, generating
         the "MISSING" entries for your language (eg. Russian):