activitypub.py

"""ActivityPub protocol implementation."""
from base64 import b64encode
from hashlib import sha256
import itertools
import logging
import re
from urllib.parse import quote_plus, urljoin, urlparse
from unittest.mock import MagicMock

from flask import abort, g, redirect, request
from google.cloud import ndb
from google.cloud.ndb.query import FilterNode, OR, Query
from granary import as1, as2
from httpsig import HeaderVerifier
from httpsig.requests_auth import HTTPSignatureAuth
from httpsig.utils import parse_signature_header
from oauth_dropins.webutil import appengine_info, flask_util, util
from oauth_dropins.webutil.flask_util import FlashErrors, MovedPermanently
from oauth_dropins.webutil.util import add, fragmentless, json_dumps, json_loads
import requests
from requests import TooManyRedirects
from requests.models import DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
from werkzeug.exceptions import BadGateway

from flask_app import app
import common
from common import (
    CACHE_CONTROL,
    CACHE_CONTROL_VARY_ACCEPT,
    CONTENT_TYPE_HTML,
    create_task,
    DOMAINS,
    DOMAIN_RE,
    error,
    host_url,
    LOCAL_DOMAINS,
    PRIMARY_DOMAIN,
    PROTOCOL_DOMAINS,
    redirect_wrap,
    report_error,
    subdomain_wrap,
    unwrap,
)
from ids import BOT_ACTOR_AP_IDS
import memcache
from models import fetch_objects, Follower, Object, PROTOCOLS, User
from protocol import activity_id_memcache_key, DELETE_TASK_DELAY, Protocol
import webfinger

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

CONNEG_HEADERS_AS2_HTML = {
    'Accept': f'{as2.CONNEG_HEADERS["Accept"]}, {CONTENT_TYPE_HTML}; q=0.5'
}

HTTP_SIG_HEADERS = ('Date', 'Host', 'Digest', '(request-target)')

SECURITY_CONTEXT = 'https://w3id.org/security/v1'

# https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#did-core
# https://docs.joinmastodon.org/spec/activitypub/#properties-used-1
AKA_CONTEXT = {'alsoKnownAs': {'@id': 'as:alsoKnownAs', '@type': '@id'}}

# https://seb.jambor.dev/posts/understanding-activitypub-part-4-threads/#the-instance-actor
_INSTANCE_ACTOR = None

OLD_ACCOUNT_EXEMPT_DOMAINS = (
    'channel.org',
    'newsmast.community',
    'pixelfed.social',
)

# we can't yet authorize activities from these domains:
# * a.gup.pe groups sign with the group's actor but use the external author as
#   actor and attributedTo, and don't include an LD Sig
#   https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/566#issuecomment-2130714037
NO_AUTH_DOMAINS = (
    'a.gup.pe',
)

FEDI_URL_RE = re.compile(r'https://[^/]+/(@|users/)([^/@]+)(@[^/@]+)?(/(?:statuses/)?[0-9]+)?')


def instance_actor():
    global _INSTANCE_ACTOR
    if _INSTANCE_ACTOR is None:
        import web
        _INSTANCE_ACTOR = web.Web.get_or_create(PRIMARY_DOMAIN)
    return _INSTANCE_ACTOR


class ActivityPub(User, Protocol):
    """ActivityPub protocol class.

    Key id is AP/AS2 actor id URL. (*Not* fediverse/WebFinger @-@ handle!)
    """
    ABBREV = 'ap'
    ''
    PHRASE = 'the fediverse'
    ''
    LOGO_HTML = '<img src="/static/fediverse_logo.svg">'
    ''
    CONTENT_TYPE = as2.CONTENT_TYPE_LD_PROFILE
    ''
    REQUIRES_AVATAR = True
    ''
    REQUIRES_NAME = False
    ''
    DEFAULT_ENABLED_PROTOCOLS = ('web',)
    ''
    SUPPORTED_AS1_TYPES = (
        tuple(as1.ACTOR_TYPES)
        + tuple(as1.POST_TYPES)
        + tuple(as1.CRUD_VERBS)
        + tuple(as1.VERBS_WITH_OBJECT)
        + ('audio', 'bookmark', 'image', 'move', 'video')
    )
    ''
    SUPPORTED_AS2_TYPES = tuple(
        as2.OBJECT_TYPE_TO_TYPE.get(t) or as2.VERB_TO_TYPE.get(t)
        for t in SUPPORTED_AS1_TYPES)
    ''
    SUPPORTS_DMS = True
    ''

    @property
    def REQUIRES_OLD_ACCOUNT(self):
        ''
        return util.domain_from_link(self.key.id()) not in OLD_ACCOUNT_EXEMPT_DOMAINS

    def _pre_put_hook(self):
        r"""Validate id, require URL, don't allow Bridgy Fed domains.

        TODO: normalize scheme and domain to lower case. Add that to
        :class:`oauth_dropins.webutil.util.UrlCanonicalizer`\?
        """
        super()._pre_put_hook()
        id = self.key.id()
        assert id
        assert util.is_web(id), f'{id} is not a URL'
        domain = util.domain_from_link(id)
        assert domain, 'missing domain'
        assert not self.is_blocklisted(domain), f'{id} is a blocked domain'

    def web_url(self):
        """Returns this user's web URL aka web_url, eg ``https://foo.com/``."""
        if self.obj and self.obj.as1:
            url = as1.get_url(self.obj.as1)
            if url:
                return url

        return self.key.id()

    @ndb.ComputedProperty
    def handle(self):
        """Returns this user's ActivityPub address, eg ``@user@foo.com``."""
        if self.obj and self.obj.as1:
            addr = as2.address(self._convert(self.obj, from_user=self))
            if addr:
                return addr

        return as2.address(self.key.id())

    @ndb.ComputedProperty
    def status(self):
        if self.obj and self.obj.as2 and as2.is_server_actor(self.obj.as2):
            return None

        status = super().status
        if status:
            return status

    @classmethod
    def owns_id(cls, id):
        """Returns None if ``id`` is an http(s) URL, False otherwise.

        All AP ids are http(s) URLs, but not all http(s) URLs are AP ids.

        https://www.w3.org/TR/activitypub/#obj-id

        I used to include a heuristic here that no actor is the root path on its
        host, which was nice because it let us assume that home pages are Web
        users without making any network requests...but then I inevitably ran
        into AP actors that _are_ the root path, eg microblog.pub sites like
        https://bw3.dev/ .

        https://docs.microblog.pub/user_guide.html#activitypub
        """
        if util.is_web(id) and not cls.is_blocklisted(id):
            return None

        return False

    @classmethod
    def owns_handle(cls, handle, allow_internal=False):
        """Returns True if handle is a WebFinger ``@-@`` handle, False otherwise.

        Example: ``@user@instance.com``. The leading ``@`` is optional.

        https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7033#section-3.1
        https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7033#section-4.5
        """
        parts = handle.lstrip('@').split('@')
        if len(parts) != 2:
            return False

        user, domain = parts
        return user and domain and not cls.is_blocklisted(
            domain, allow_internal=allow_internal)

    @classmethod
    def handle_to_id(cls, handle):
        """Looks in the datastore first, then queries WebFinger."""
        assert cls.owns_handle(handle)

        if not handle.startswith('@'):
            handle = '@' + handle

        user = ActivityPub.query(ActivityPub.handle == handle).get()
        if user:
            return user.key.id()

        return webfinger.fetch_actor_url(handle)

    def user_page_path(self, rest=None, **kwargs):
        """Always prefer handle, since id is a full URL."""
        kwargs['prefer_id'] = False
        return super().user_page_path(rest=rest, **kwargs)

    @classmethod
    def target_for(cls, obj, shared=False):
        """Returns ``obj``'s or its author's/actor's inbox, if available."""
        if not obj.as1:
            return None

        if obj.type not in as1.ACTOR_TYPES:
            for field in 'actor', 'author', 'attributedTo':
                inner_obj = as1.get_object(obj.as1, field)
                inner_id = inner_obj.get('id') or as1.get_url(inner_obj)
                if (not inner_id
                        or inner_id == obj.as1.get('id')
                        or (obj.key and inner_id == obj.key.id())):
                    continue

                actor = cls.load(inner_id, raise_=False)
                if actor and actor.as1:
                    target = cls.target_for(actor, shared=shared)
                    if target:
                        logger.info(f'Target for {obj.key} via {inner_id} is {target}')
                        return target

            logger.info(f'{obj.key} type {obj.type} is not an actor and has no author or actor with inbox')

        actor = cls._convert(obj)

        if shared:
            shared_inbox = actor.get('endpoints', {}).get('sharedInbox')
            if shared_inbox:
                return shared_inbox

        return actor.get('publicInbox') or actor.get('inbox')

    @classmethod
    def send(to_cls, obj, url, from_user=None, orig_obj_id=None):
        """Delivers an activity to an inbox URL.

        If ``obj.recipient_obj`` is set, it's interpreted as the receiving actor
        who we're delivering to and its id is populated into ``cc``.
        """
        if not from_user:
            logger.info('Skipping sending, no from_user!')
            return False
        elif to_cls.is_blocklisted(url):
            logger.info(f'Skipping sending to blocklisted {url}')
            return False

        orig_obj = None
        if orig_obj_id:
            orig_obj = to_cls.convert(Object.get_by_id(orig_obj_id),
                                      from_user=from_user)
        activity = to_cls.convert(obj, from_user=from_user, orig_obj=orig_obj)

        return signed_post(url, data=activity, from_user=from_user).ok

    @classmethod
    def fetch(cls, obj, **kwargs):
        """Tries to fetch an AS2 object.

        Assumes ``obj.id`` is a URL. Any fragment at the end is stripped before
        loading. This is currently underspecified and somewhat inconsistent
        across AP implementations:

        * https://socialhub.activitypub.rocks/t/problems-posting-to-mastodon-inbox/801/11
        * https://socialhub.activitypub.rocks/t/problems-posting-to-mastodon-inbox/801/23
        * https://socialhub.activitypub.rocks/t/s2s-create-activity/1647/5
        * https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/issues/13879 (open!)
        * https://github.com/w3c/activitypub/issues/224

        Uses HTTP content negotiation via the ``Content-Type`` header. If the
        url is HTML and it has a ``rel-alternate`` link with an AS2 content
        type, fetches and returns that URL.

        Includes an HTTP Signature with the request.

        * https://w3c.github.io/activitypub/#authorization
        * https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-cavage-http-signatures-07
        * https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/pull/11269

        Mastodon requires this signature if ``AUTHORIZED_FETCH`` aka secure mode
        is on: https://docs.joinmastodon.org/admin/config/#authorized_fetch

        Signs the request with the current user's key. If not provided, defaults to
        using @snarfed.org@snarfed.org's key.

        See :meth:`protocol.Protocol.fetch` for more details.

        Args:
          obj (models.Object): with the id to fetch. Fills data into the as2
            property.
          kwargs: ignored

        Returns:
          bool: True if the object was fetched and populated successfully,
          False otherwise

        Raises:
          requests.HTTPError:
          werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPException: will have an additional
            ``requests_response`` attribute with the last
            :class:`requests.Response` we received.
        """
        url = obj.key.id()
        if not util.is_web(url):
            logger.info(f'{url} is not a URL')
            return False

        resp = None

        def _error(extra_msg=None):
            msg = f"Couldn't fetch {url} as ActivityStreams 2"
            if extra_msg:
                msg += ': ' + extra_msg
            logger.warning(msg)
            # protocol.for_id depends on us raising this when an AP network
            # fetch fails. if we change that, update for_id too!
            err = BadGateway(msg)
            err.requests_response = resp
            raise err

        def _get(url, headers):
            """Returns None if we fetched and populated, resp otherwise."""
            nonlocal resp

            try:
                resp = signed_get(url, headers=headers, gateway=True)
            except BadGateway as e:
                # ugh, this is ugly, should be something structured
                if '406 Client Error' in str(e):
                    return
                raise

            if not resp.content:
                _error('empty response')
            elif common.content_type(resp) in as2.CONTENT_TYPES:
                try:
                    return resp.json()
                except requests.JSONDecodeError:
                    _error("Couldn't decode as JSON")

        obj.as2 = _get(url, CONNEG_HEADERS_AS2_HTML)

        if obj.as2:
            return True
        elif not resp:
            return False

        # look in HTML to find AS2 link
        if common.content_type(resp) != 'text/html':
            logger.debug('no AS2 available')
            return False

        parsed = util.parse_html(resp)
        link = parsed.find('link', rel=('alternate', 'self'), type=(
            as2.CONTENT_TYPE, as2.CONTENT_TYPE_LD))
        if not (link and link['href']):
            logger.debug('no AS2 available')
            return False

        obj.as2 = _get(link['href'], as2.CONNEG_HEADERS)
        if obj.as2:
            return True

        return False

    @classmethod
    def _convert(cls, obj, orig_obj=None, from_user=None):
        """Convert a :class:`models.Object` to AS2.

        Args:
          obj (models.Object)
          orig_obj (dict): AS2 object, optional. The target of activity's
            ``inReplyTo`` or ``Like``/``Announce``/etc object, if any. Passed
            through to :func:`postprocess_as2`.
          from_user (models.User): user (actor) this activity/object is from

        Returns:
          dict: AS2 JSON
        """
        if not obj or not obj.as1:
            return {}

        # TODO: uncomment
        # from_proto = PROTOCOLS.get(obj.source_protocol)
        # if from_proto and not from_user.is_enabled(cls):
        #     error(f'{cls.LABEL} <=> {from_proto.LABEL} not enabled')

        if obj.as2:
            return {
                # add back @context since we strip it when we store Objects
                '@context': as2.CONTEXT + [SECURITY_CONTEXT],
                **obj.as2,
            }

        translated = cls.translate_ids(obj.as1)

        # compact actors to just string id for compatibility, since many other
        # AP implementations choke on objects.
        # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/658
        #
        # TODO: expand this to general purpose compact() function and use
        # elsewhere, eg in models.resolve_id
        for o in translated, as1.get_object(translated):
            for field in 'actor', 'attributedTo', 'author':
                actors = as1.get_objects(o, field)
                ids = [a['id'] for a in actors if a.get('id')]
                o[field] = ids[0] if len(ids) == 1 else ids

        converted = as2.from_as1(translated)

        if obj.source_protocol in ('ap', 'activitypub'):
            return converted

        # special cases where obj or obj['object'] or obj['object']['object']
        # are an actor
        if from_user:
            if as1.object_type(obj.as1) in as1.ACTOR_TYPES:
                return postprocess_as2_actor(converted, user=from_user)

            inner_obj = as1.get_object(obj.as1)
            if as1.object_type(inner_obj) in as1.ACTOR_TYPES:
                converted['object'] = postprocess_as2_actor(converted['object'],
                                                            user=from_user)

            # eg Accept of a Follow
            if from_user.is_web_url(as1.get_object(inner_obj).get('id')):
                converted['object']['object'] = from_user.id_as(ActivityPub)

        # convert!
        return postprocess_as2(converted, orig_obj=orig_obj)

    @classmethod
    def migrate_out(cls, user, to_user_id):
        """Migrates a bridged account out to be a native account.

        * https://www.manton.org/2022/12/02/moving-from-mastodon.html
        * https://docs.joinmastodon.org/user/moving/#migration
        * https://www.w3.org/TR/activitystreams-vocabulary/#dfn-move

        Args:
          user (models.User)
          to_user_id (str)

        Raises:
          ValueError: eg if ``ActivityPub`` doesn't own ``to_user_id``
        """
        def _error(msg):
            logger.warning(msg)
            raise ValueError(msg)

        user_ap_id = user.id_as(cls)
        logger.info(f"Migrating {user.key.id()} 's bridged AP actor {user_ap_id} to {to_user_id}")

        if cls.owns_id(to_user_id) is False:
            _error(f"{to_user_id} doesn't look like an {cls.LABEL} id")
        elif isinstance(user, cls):
            _error(f"{user.handle_or_id()} is on {cls.PHRASE}")
        elif not user.is_enabled(cls):
            _error(f"{user.handle_or_id()} isn't currently bridged to {cls.PHRASE}")

        # check that the destination actor has an alias to the bridged actor
        to_actor = cls.load(to_user_id, remote=True)
        aka = util.get_list(to_actor.as2, 'alsoKnownAs')
        if user_ap_id not in aka:
            _error(f"{to_user_id} 's alsoKnownAs {aka} doesn't contain {user_ap_id}")

        # send a Move activity to all followers' inboxes
        id = f'{user_ap_id}#move-{to_user_id}'
        move = Object(id=id, as2={
            'type': 'Move',
            'id': id,
            'actor': user_ap_id,
            'object': user_ap_id,
            'target': to_user_id,
            'to': [as2.PUBLIC_AUDIENCE],
        })
        move.put()
        ret = user.deliver(move, from_user=user, to_proto=cls)

        # mark the bridged actor with movedTo
        user.obj.our_as1 = {
            **user.obj.as1,
            'movedTo': to_user_id,
        }
        user.obj.put()

        return ret

    @classmethod
    def verify_signature(cls, activity):
        """Verifies the current request's HTTP Signature.

        Raises :class:`werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPError` if the signature is
        missing or invalid, otherwise does nothing and returns the id of the
        actor whose key signed the request.

        Logs details of the result.

        https://swicg.github.io/activitypub-http-signature/

        Args:
          activity (dict): AS2 activity

        Returns:
          str: signing AP actor id
        """
        headers = dict(request.headers)  # copy so we can modify below
        sig = headers.get('Signature')
        if not sig:
            if appengine_info.DEBUG:
                logger.info('No HTTP Signature, allowing due to DEBUG=true')
                return
            error('No HTTP Signature', status=401)

        logger.debug('Verifying HTTP Signature')
        logger.debug(f'Headers: {json_dumps(headers, indent=2)}')

        # parse_signature_header lower-cases all keys
        sig_fields = parse_signature_header(sig)
        key_id = fragmentless(sig_fields.get('keyid'))
        if not key_id:
            error('sig missing keyId', status=401)

        # TODO: right now, assume hs2019 is rsa-sha256. the real answer is...
        # ...complicated and unclear. 🤷
        # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/430#issuecomment-1510462267
        # https://arewehs2019yet.vpzom.click/
        # https://socialhub.activitypub.rocks/t/state-of-http-signatures/754/23
        # https://socialhub.activitypub.rocks/t/http-signatures-libraray/2087/2
        # https://github.com/mastodon/mastodon/pull/14556
        if sig_fields.get('algorithm') == 'hs2019':
            headers['Signature'] = headers['Signature'].replace(
                'algorithm="hs2019"', 'algorithm=rsa-sha256')

        digest = headers.get('Digest') or ''
        if not digest:
            error('Missing Digest', status=401)

        expected = b64encode(sha256(request.data).digest()).decode()
        if digest.removeprefix('SHA-256=').removeprefix('sha-256=') != expected:
            error('Invalid Digest', status=401)

        try:
            key_actor = cls._load_key(key_id)
        except BadGateway:
            obj_id = as1.get_object(activity).get('id')
            if (activity.get('type') == 'Delete' and obj_id
                    and key_id == fragmentless(obj_id)):
                logger.debug('Object/actor being deleted is also keyId')
                key_actor = Object.get_or_create(
                    id=key_id, authed_as=key_id, source_protocol='activitypub',
                    deleted=True)
            else:
                raise

        if key_actor and key_actor.deleted:
            abort(202, f'Ignoring, signer {key_id} is already deleted')
        elif not key_actor or not key_actor.as1:
            error(f"Couldn't load {key_id} to verify signature", status=401)

        # don't ActivityPub.convert since we don't want to postprocess_as2
        key = as2.from_as1(key_actor.as1).get('publicKey', {}).get('publicKeyPem')
        if not key:
            error(f'No public key for {key_id}', status=401)

        # can't use request.full_path because it includes a trailing ? even if
        # it wasn't in the request. https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/2867
        path_query = request.url.removeprefix(request.host_url.rstrip('/'))
        logger.debug(f'Verifying signature for {path_query} with key {sig_fields["keyid"]}')
        try:
            verified = HeaderVerifier(headers, key,
                                      required_headers=['Digest'],
                                      method=request.method,
                                      path=path_query,
                                      sign_header='signature',
                                      ).verify()
        except BaseException as e:
            error(f'sig verification failed: {e}', status=401)

        if verified:
            logger.debug('sig ok')
        else:
            error('sig failed', status=401)

        return key_actor.key.id()

    @classmethod
    def _load_key(cls, key_id, follow_owner=True):
        """Loads the ActivityPub actor for a given ``keyId``.

        https://swicg.github.io/activitypub-http-signature/#how-to-obtain-a-signature-s-public-key
        Args:
          key_id (str): ``keyId`` from an HTTP Signature
          follow_owner (bool): whether to follow ``owner``/``controller`` fields

        Returns:
          Object or None:

        Raises:
          requests.HTTPError:
        """
        assert '#' not in key_id
        actor = cls.load(key_id)
        if not actor:
            return None

        if follow_owner and actor.as1:
            actor_as2 = as2.from_as1(actor.as1)
            key = actor_as2.get('publicKey', {})
            owner = key.get('controller') or key.get('owner')
            if not owner and actor.type not in as1.ACTOR_TYPES:
                owner = actor_as2.get('controller') or actor_as2.get('owner')

            if owner:
                owner = fragmentless(owner)
                if owner != key_id:
                    logger.debug(f'keyId {key_id} has controller/owner {owner}, fetching that')
                    return cls._load_key(owner, follow_owner=False)

        return actor


def signed_get(url, from_user=None, **kwargs):
    return signed_request(util.requests_get, url, from_user=from_user, **kwargs)


def signed_post(url, from_user, **kwargs):
    assert from_user
    return signed_request(util.requests_post, url, from_user=from_user, **kwargs)


def signed_request(fn, url, data=None, headers=None, from_user=None,
                   _redirect_count=None, **kwargs):
    """Wraps ``requests.*`` and adds HTTP Signature.

    https://swicg.github.io/activitypub-http-signature/

    Args:
      fn (callable): :func:`util.requests_get` or  :func:`util.requests_post`
      url (str):
      data (dict): optional AS2 object
      from_user (models.User): user to sign request as; optional. If not
        provided, uses the default user ``@fed.brid.gy@fed.brid.gy``.
      _redirect_count: internal, used to count redirects followed so far
      kwargs: passed through to requests

    Returns:
      requests.Response:
    """
    if headers is None:
        headers = {}

    # prepare HTTP Signature and headers
    if not from_user or isinstance(from_user, ActivityPub):
        # ActivityPub users are remote, so we don't have their keys
        from_user = instance_actor()

    if data:
        logger.debug(f'Sending AS2 object: {json_dumps(data, indent=2)}')
        data = json_dumps(data).encode()

    headers = {
        **headers,
        # required for HTTP Signature
        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-cavage-http-signatures-07#section-2.1.3
        'Date': util.now().strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT'),
        # required by Mastodon
        # https://github.com/tootsuite/mastodon/pull/14556#issuecomment-674077648
        'Host': util.domain_from_link(url, minimize=False),
        'Content-Type': as2.CONTENT_TYPE_LD_PROFILE,
        # required for HTTP Signature and Mastodon
        'Digest': f'SHA-256={b64encode(sha256(data or b"").digest()).decode()}',
    }

    logger.debug(f"Signing with {from_user.key.id()} 's key")

    # (request-target) is a special HTTP Signatures header that some fediverse
    # implementations require, eg Peertube.
    # https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-cavage-http-signatures-12#section-2.3
    # https://www.w3.org/wiki/SocialCG/ActivityPub/Authentication_Authorization#Signing_requests_using_HTTP_Signatures
    # https://docs.joinmastodon.org/spec/security/#http
    key_id = f'{from_user.id_as(ActivityPub)}#key'
    auth = HTTPSignatureAuth(secret=from_user.private_pem(), key_id=key_id,
                             algorithm='rsa-sha256', sign_header='signature',
                             headers=HTTP_SIG_HEADERS)

    # make HTTP request
    kwargs.setdefault('gateway', True)
    resp = fn(url, data=data, auth=auth, headers=headers, allow_redirects=False,
              **kwargs)

    if fn == util.requests_get:
        assert not isinstance(resp, MagicMock), \
            f'unit test missing a mock HTTP response for {url}'

    # handle GET redirects manually so that we generate a new HTTP signature
    if resp.is_redirect and fn == util.requests_get:
        new_url = urljoin(url, resp.headers['Location'])
        if _redirect_count is None:
            _redirect_count = 0
        elif _redirect_count > DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT:
            raise TooManyRedirects(response=resp)

        return signed_request(fn, new_url, data=data, from_user=from_user,
                              headers=headers, _redirect_count=_redirect_count + 1,
                              **kwargs)

    type = common.content_type(resp)
    if (type and type != 'text/html' and
        (type.startswith('text/') or type.endswith('+json')
         or type.endswith('/json'))):
        logger.debug(resp.text)

    return resp


def postprocess_as2(activity, orig_obj=None, wrap=True):
    """Prepare an AS2 object to be served or sent via ActivityPub.

    TODO: get rid of orig_obj! https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/1257

    Args:
      activity (dict): AS2 object or activity
      orig_obj (dict): AS2 object, optional. The target of activity's
        ``inReplyTo`` or ``Like``/``Announce``/etc object, if any.
      wrap (bool): whether to wrap ``id``, ``url``, ``object``, ``actor``, and
       ``attributedTo``
    """
    if not activity or isinstance(activity, str):
        return redirect_wrap(activity) if wrap else activity
    elif activity.keys() == {'id'}:
        return redirect_wrap(activity['id']) if wrap else activity['id']

    type = activity.get('type')

    # inReplyTo: singly valued, prefer id over url
    # TODO: ignore orig_obj, do for all inReplyTo
    orig_id = orig_obj.get('id') if orig_obj else None
    in_reply_to = util.get_list(activity, 'inReplyTo')
    if in_reply_to:
        if orig_id:  # TODO: and orig_id in in_reply_to ...or get rid of orig_obj
            activity['inReplyTo'] = orig_id
        elif len(in_reply_to) > 1:
            # AS2 inReplyTo can be multiply valued, it's not marked Functional:
            # https://www.w3.org/TR/activitystreaams-vocabulary/#dfn-inreplyto
            # ...but most fediverse projects don't support that:
            # https://funfedi.dev/support_tables/generated/in_reply_to/
            logger.warning(
                "AS2 doesn't support multiple inReplyTo URLs! "
                f'Only using the first: {in_reply_to[0]}')
            activity['inReplyTo'] = in_reply_to[0]

        # Mastodon evidently requires a Mention tag for replies to generate a
        # notification to the original post's author. not required for likes,
        # reposts, etc. details:
        # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/34
        if orig_obj:
            for to in (util.get_list(orig_obj, 'attributedTo') +
                       util.get_list(orig_obj, 'author') +
                       util.get_list(orig_obj, 'actor')):
                if isinstance(to, dict):
                    to = util.get_first(to, 'url') or to.get('id')
                if to:
                    add(activity.setdefault('tag', []), {
                        'type': 'Mention',
                        'href': to,
                    })

    # activity objects (for Like, Announce, etc): prefer id over url
    obj = as1.get_object(activity)
    id = obj.get('id')
    if orig_id and type in as2.TYPES_WITH_OBJECT and type != 'Undo':
        # inline most objects as bare string ids, not composite objects, for interop
        activity['object'] = orig_id
    elif not id:
        obj['id'] = util.get_first(obj, 'url')

    # id is required for most things. default to url if it's not set.
    if not activity.get('id'):
        activity['id'] = util.get_first(activity, 'url')

    if wrap:
        # some fediverse servers (eg Misskey) require activity id and actor id
        # to be on the same domain
        # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/1093#issuecomment-2299247639
        redirect_domain = util.domain_from_link(as1.get_id(activity, 'actor'))
        if redirect_domain not in DOMAINS:
            redirect_domain = None
        activity['id'] = redirect_wrap(activity.get('id'), domain=redirect_domain)
        activity['url'] = [redirect_wrap(u) for u in util.get_list(activity, 'url')]
        if len(activity['url']) == 1:
            activity['url'] = activity['url'][0]

    # TODO: find a better way to check this, sometimes or always?
    # removed for now since it fires on posts without u-id or u-url, eg
    # https://chrisbeckstrom.com/2018/12/27/32551/
    # assert activity.get('id') or (isinstance(obj, dict) and obj.get('id'))

    obj_or_activity = obj if obj.keys() > set(['id']) else activity

    # move Link attachments to links in text since fediverse instances generate
    # their own link previews.
    # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/958
    atts = util.pop_list(obj_or_activity, 'attachment')
    obj_or_activity['attachment'] = [a for a in atts if a.get('type') != 'Link']
    link_atts = [a for a in atts if a.get('type') == 'Link']

    content = obj_or_activity.get('content', '')
    for link in link_atts:
        for url in util.get_list(link, 'href'):
            if content:
                content += '<br><br>'
            content += util.pretty_link(url, text=link.get('name'))

    if content:
        as2.set_content(obj_or_activity, content)

    # copy image(s) into attachment(s). may be Mastodon-specific.
    # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/33#issuecomment-440965618
    imgs = util.get_list(obj_or_activity, 'image')
    if imgs:
        atts = obj_or_activity['attachment']
        for img in imgs:
            if isinstance(img, str):
                img = {'url': img}
            add(atts, img)

    # cc target's author(s), recipients, mentions
    # https://www.w3.org/TR/activitystreams-vocabulary/#audienceTargeting
    # https://w3c.github.io/activitypub/#delivery
    # https://docs.joinmastodon.org/spec/activitypub/#Mention
    cc = obj_or_activity.setdefault('cc', [])

    tags = util.get_list(activity, 'tag') + util.get_list(obj, 'tag')
    for tag in tags:
        href = tag.get('href')
        if (tag.get('type') == 'Mention'
                and href
                and href not in util.get_list(obj_or_activity, 'to')
                and not ActivityPub.is_blocklisted(href)):
            add(cc, href)

    if orig_obj and type in as2.TYPE_TO_VERB:
        for field in 'actor', 'attributedTo', 'to', 'cc':
            for recip in as1.get_objects(orig_obj, field):
                add(cc, util.get_url(recip) or recip.get('id'))

    # for some activities, Pleroma (and Akkoma?) seem to crash if the activity's
    # to and cc aren't exactly the same as the object's. (I think?)
    # https://indieweb.social/@diego@lounge.collabfc.com/112977955332152430
    # https://git.pleroma.social/pleroma/pleroma/-/issues/3206#note_108296
    # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/12#issuecomment-2302776658
    if type in ('Create', 'Update'):
        activity['to'] = util.get_list(obj, 'to')
        activity['cc'] = util.get_list(obj, 'cc')

    # WARNING: activity here is AS2, but we're using as1.is_dm. right now the
    # logic is effectively the same for our purposes, but watch out here if that
    # ever changes.
    if not as1.is_dm(activity):
        # to public, since Mastodon interprets to public as public, cc public as
        # unlisted:
        # https://socialhub.activitypub.rocks/t/visibility-to-cc-mapping/284
        # https://wordsmith.social/falkreon/securing-activitypub
        add(activity.setdefault('to', []), as2.PUBLIC_AUDIENCE)

    # hashtags. Mastodon requires:
    # * type: Hashtag
    # * name starts with #
    # * href is set to a valid, fully qualified URL
    #
    # If content has an <a> tag with a fully qualified URL and the hashtag name
    # (with leading #) as its text, Mastodon will rewrite its href to the local
    # instance's search for that hashtag. If content doesn't have a link for a
    # given hashtag, Mastodon won't add one, but that hashtag will still be
    # indexed in search.
    #
    # https://docs.joinmastodon.org/spec/activitypub/#properties-used
    # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/45
    for tag in tags:
        name = tag.get('name')
        if name and tag.get('type', 'Tag') == 'Tag':
            tag['type'] = 'Hashtag'
            url_path = f'/hashtag/{quote_plus(name.removeprefix("#"))}'
            tag.setdefault('href', urljoin(activity['id'], url_path))
            if not name.startswith('#'):
                tag['name'] = f'#{name}'

    as2.link_tags(obj_or_activity)

    activity['object'] = [
        postprocess_as2(o, orig_obj=orig_obj,
                        wrap=wrap and type in ('Create', 'Update', 'Delete'))
        for o in as1.get_objects(activity)]
    if len(activity['object']) == 1:
        activity['object'] = activity['object'][0]

    if content := obj_or_activity.get('content'):
        # language, in contentMap
        # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/681
        obj_or_activity.setdefault('contentMap', {'en': content})

        # wrap in <p>. some fediverse servers (eg Mastodon) have a white-space:
        # pre-wrap style that applies to p inside content. this preserves
        # meaningful whitespace in plain text content.
        # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/990
        if not content.startswith('<p>'):
            as2.set_content(obj_or_activity, f'<p>{content}</p>')

    activity.pop('content_is_html', None)
    return util.trim_nulls(activity)


def postprocess_as2_actor(actor, user):
    """Prepare an AS2 actor object to be served or sent via ActivityPub.

    Modifies actor in place.

    Args:
      actor (dict): AS2 actor object
      user (models.User): current user

    Returns:
      actor dict
    """
    if not actor:
        return actor

    assert isinstance(actor, dict)
    assert user

    url = user.web_url()
    urls = [u for u in util.get_list(actor, 'url') if u and not u.startswith('acct:')]
    if not urls and url:
        urls = [url]
    if urls:
        urls[0] = redirect_wrap(urls[0])

    id = actor.get('id')
    user_id = user.key.id()
    if not id or user.is_web_url(id) or unwrap(id) in (
            user_id, user.profile_id(), f'www.{user_id}'):
        id = actor['id'] = user.id_as(ActivityPub)

    actor['url'] = urls[0] if len(urls) == 1 else urls
    # required by ActivityPub
    # https://www.w3.org/TR/activitypub/#actor-objects
    actor.setdefault('inbox', id + '/inbox')
    actor.setdefault('outbox', id + '/outbox')

    # For web, this has to be domain for Mastodon etc interop! It seems like it
    # should be the custom username from the acct: u-url in their h-card, but
    # that breaks Mastodon's Webfinger discovery.
    # Background:
    # https://docs.joinmastodon.org/spec/activitypub/#properties-used-1
    # https://docs.joinmastodon.org/spec/webfinger/#mastodons-requirements-for-webfinger
    # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/302#issuecomment-1324305460
    # https://github.com/snarfed/bridgy-fed/issues/77
    if user.LABEL == 'web':
        actor['preferredUsername'] = user.key.id()
    else:
        handle = user.handle_as(ActivityPub)
        if handle:
            actor['preferredUsername'] = handle.strip('@').split('@')[0]

    # Override the label for their home page to be "Web site"
    for att in util.get_list(actor, 'attachment'):
        if att.get('type') == 'PropertyValue':
            val = att.get('value', '')
            link = util.parse_html(val).find('a')
            if url and link and url.rstrip('/') in [val.rstrip('/'),