The rabbis of the time would quote and debate among themselves. An example:
R. Simeon b. Eleazer [T5] says:
The School of Shammai say:
One should not kill a louse on the Sabbath.
But the School of Hillel permit [it].
(Source)
In contrast Jesus doesn't say which other teachers he agrees with, but simply declares what God says. If he does quote anyone it is always to correct them, not to agree with them.
His authority was different because he never supported his statements by quoting others who agreed with him.