Table 10 Summary example pet welfare issues or concerns identified in literature and from observation of images of captive conditions: reptiles

From: Are the key welfare models effective for exotic pet animals?

Wholesale / retail conditions	Sources	Home conditions	Sources
Difficulty to keep/unanticipated or overly demanding husbandry	[13, 15, 52, 54, 128, 144]	Difficulty to keep/unanticipated or overly demanding husbandry	[13, 15, 52, 54, 128, 144]
Overly restrictive spatial conditions	[49, 61, 66, 77]	Overly restrictive spatial conditions	[33, 145]
Capture stress	[61]
Long periods in poor conditions	[49, 61, 77, 79]	Long periods in poor conditions	[33, 145]
Insanitary environments/poor hygiene	[49, 66]	Insanitary environments/poor hygiene	[145, 146]
Inappropriate thermal and humidity provisions	[49, 61, 66, 77]	Inappropriate thermal and humidity provisions	[33, 145]
Inadequate, unreliable food and water	[49, 61, 77]	Inadequate, unreliable food and water	[145]
Incompatible conspecifics	[49, 66]
Co-occupant aggression	[49, 66]	Co-occupant aggression	[145, 146]
Cannibalism	[49, 66]	Cannibalism	[145, 146]
		Social deprivation	[28, 147]
Absent or minimal environmental enrichment	[49, 61, 66, 77]	Absent or minimal environmental enrichment	[145, 146]
Overcrowding	[49, 66, 77]	Overcrowding/injuries, crushing	[145, 146]
Injuries	[49, 66, 77, 148]	Injuries	[145, 146, 149]
Hypothermia	[49, 66]	Hypothermia	[145, 146]
Capture-stress	[126, 127]
Stress	[49, 61, 66, 77, 126, 127, 142]	Stress	[145, 146]
Abnormal behaviours	[57, 61, 77, 146, 150, 151]	Abnormal behaviours	[57, 146, 149,150,151]
Dehydration	[49, 66]	Dehydration	[145, 146]
Starvation/emaciation	[49, 66]	Starvation/emaciation	[145, 146]
		Lack of or failure to gain veterinary examinations	[13, 133]
Infection, parasitism, disease	[49, 142, 148]	Infection, parasitism	[145, 146]
Mortality rate 42% in 10 days (testudines, lacertilians, serpents)	[49]	Mortality rate 75% in 1 year in home Mortality rate 52% in 2 years	[48] [149]

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