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Philosophy

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  • According to the traditional interpretation, the law of excluded middle (or the bivalence, more precisely) does not apply, see the problem of future contingents. He made this exception exactly to avoid the logical fatalism (predestined future). There is no issue with identity and non-contradiction. And there are ways to use more complex (modal, temporal) logics to resolve this issue while keeping even the law of excluded middle. Commented Sep 30, 2019 at 17:49
  • As Conifold notes future events cause complications.for the LEM. But if we examine predictions for the future they do not usually obey the rules for contradictory pairs, and where they do not no complications arise. Can you find a statement about the future that requires a modification to A's laws? If you can it would be helpful to post it since your example is straightforward and raises no problems. . Commented Oct 1, 2019 at 11:36
  • cf. temporal logic and the works of A. N. Prior Commented Oct 2, 2019 at 19:10