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. 2004 Jan;10(1):1-7.
doi: 10.3201/eid1001.020572.

Salmonella enteritidis infections, United States, 1985-1999

Mary E Patrick  1 , Penny M Adcock, Thomas M Gomez, Sean F Altekruse, Ben H Holland, Robert V Tauxe, David L Swerdlow
Affiliations

Salmonella enteritidis infections, United States, 1985-1999

Mary E Patrick et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Jan.

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis emerged as an important illness during the 1980s. Investigations showed that consumption of undercooked eggs was the major risk factor for disease, and a variety of prevention and control efforts were initiated during the 1990s. We describe sporadic infections and outbreaks of S. Enteritidis in the United States from 1985 through 1999 and discuss prevention and control efforts. After reaching a high of 3.9 per 100,000 population in 1995, S. Enteritidis infections declined to 1.98 per 100,000 in 1999. While the total number of outbreaks decreased by half, those in the western states tripled. Outbreaks of S. Enteritidis phage type 4 infections accounted for 49% of outbreaks in 1999. Outbreak-associated deaths in health facilities decreased from 14 in 1987 to 0 in 1999. Overall, rates of sporadic S. Enteritidis infection, outbreaks, and deaths have declined dramatically. For further reductions, control measures should continue to be applied along the entire farm-to-table continuum.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Salmonella Enteritidis isolation rates per 100,000 population, by selected regions,* United States, 1976–1999. *Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; and West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Reported outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks, by state, 1985–1999 (N = 841). Includes two multistate outbreaks.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks by region, United States, 1985–1999. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; and West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Deaths associated with outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis infections in healthcare facilities, 1985–1999 (N = 64).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Frequency of outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis infection, by phage type, United States, 1988–1999 (N = 346). Phage types were not collected until 1988.
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References

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