Estimated Choline Intakes and Dietary Sources of Choline in Pregnant Australian Women
- PMID: 36145195
- PMCID: PMC9503354
- DOI: 10.3390/nu14183819
Estimated Choline Intakes and Dietary Sources of Choline in Pregnant Australian Women
Abstract
(1) Background: Despite the postulated importance of choline during pregnancy, little is known about the choline intake of Australians during pregnancy. In this study, we estimated dietary intakes of choline in early and late pregnancy, compared those intakes to recommendations, and investigated food sources of choline in a group of pregnant women in Australia. (2) Methods: 103 pregnant women enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. In early pregnancy (12−16 weeks gestation) and late pregnancy (36 weeks gestation), women completed a food frequency questionnaire designed to assess dietary intake over the previous month. (3) Results: Choline intakes and sources were similar in early and late pregnancy. Median choline intake in early pregnancy was 362 mg/day. Of the women, 39% and 25% had choline intakes above the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) adequate intake (AI) of >440 mg/day and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) AI of >480 mg/day for choline in pregnancy, respectively. Eggs, red meat, nuts, legumes, and dairy accounted for 50% of choline intake, with eggs being the most significant contributor at 17%. (4) Conclusions: Few pregnant women in our study met the AI recommended by the NHMRC and EFSA. In Australia, choline intake in pregnancy may need to be improved, but further work to define choline requirements in pregnancy is required.
Keywords: Australia; choline; diet sources; intakes; pregnancy.
Conflict of interest statement
This study was sponsored by a grant in aid from Australian Eggs. The study sponsor did not have input into the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation of findings awarded to Tim Green as principal investigator.
References
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- National Health and Medical Research Council . Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. National Health and Medical Research Council; Canberra, Australia: 2006.
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