The common understanding is that if the source of the spell is a class feature (Spell Casting, Domain, Pact Patron, etc.), it is a class spell. But looking at the books, let's see what we find.
Common RAW Wording in the PHB
Typically this language appears when talking about learning spells rather than casting them. Like in Eldritch Knights' or Arcane Trickers'Tricksters' class feature uses the two phrases interchangeably.
When you reach 3rd level, you augment your martial prowess with the ability to cast spells. See chapter 10 for the general rules of spellcasting and chapter 11 for the wizard spell list.
Cantrips. VouYou learn two cantrips of your choice framfrom the wizard spell list. VouYou learn an additional wizard cantrip of your choice at 10th leveI.
Followed by:
The Spells Known column of the Eldritch Knight Spellcasting table shows when you learn more wizard spells of 1st level or higher.
Multiclassing
When multiclassing you are supposed to keep track of which spell list they are from to know which spell casting stats to use, and there you run into questions about when is it "Wizard Spell" or "Ranger Spell" -- but that too is short hand for "spell you know from the Spell Casting feature from the Wizard Spell List".
For the spell castingspellcasting feature it is easy:
You determine what spells you know and can prepare for each class individually, as if you were a single-classed member of that class. ... Each spell you know and prepare is associated with one of your classesandclasses and you use the spellcasting ability of that class when you cast the spell.
Items
Searching the DMG, I only find "Wizard spell" in Epic boons and not in the item list. Though, the Rod of the Pact Keeper does refer to Warlock Spells, and that is slightly more clearly defined because of unquinessuniqueness of Warlock Spell Slots. Here though, you're not casting from the Rod itself. I suppose you could wonder if you can use that +1 on a wand of a warlock spell, and I think the answer here is clearly "no".
Wand of Magic Missile
I would have said that a wizard who casts from a Wand of Magic Missiles wouldn't be casting a Wizard spell as it isn't using a spell slot, isn't a spell from the wizard spell book at that moment, and isn't using the Wizard's Spell DC or Spell Attack stats -- As far I can tell from the text above.
However, that appears to be incorrect. Being on the class list is enough to count as a class spell (which fits with the PHB section above), as evidenced by this answer from Crawford on Wild Magic Surges:
Metamagic works w/ any spells that sorcerers cast. Wild Magic Surge can work w/ any sorcerer spell they cast. #DnD
https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/652539767821766656