Equipping armor without proficiency prevents spellcasting, regardless of components
The rule for casting in armor says (PHB, p. 201):
Because of the mental focus and precise gestures required for spellcasting, you must be proficient with the armor you are wearing to cast a spell. You are otherwise too distracted and physically hampered by your armor for spellcasting.
Note that spell components are never mentioned. Wearing armor you aren't proficient with disrupts your ability to cast spells, regardless of whether that casting involves any components or not. As a lore justification for this, the rule says that in addition to being "physically hampered" (i.e. disrupting spell components), it also makes you too distracted to maintain the required "mental focus" to cast a spell. This applies equally to subtle spells as well as psionic spellcasting, along with any other kind of casting that eschews spell components. In fact, this even applies to spells cast from items, which generally don't require components. I'm not aware of any way of casting spells that overrides this limitation.