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I wonder if there is a way to globally fix this, i.e. not having to manually kern every instance. I do not think it is possible to add the pairs to the font's kerning table since the clash occurs between a roman delimiter and an italic letter. Furthermore, the delimiters are not even from Garamond, due to unicode-math and braces scaling.

I wonder if there is a way to globally fix this, i.e. not having to manually kern every instance. I do not think it is possible to add the pairs to the font's kerning table since the clash occurs between a roman delimiter and an italic letter. Furthermore, the delimiters are not even from Garamond, due to unicode-math and braces scaling.

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage[math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO,nabla=upright,partial=upright]{unicode-math}

\def\basemathfont{Latin Modern Math}

\def\myfont{Garamond Premier Pro}
\def\mymathfont{\myfont}
\def\myboldfont{ Semibold}
\def\myitalicfont{ Italic}

\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX,
RawFeature={+calt,+onum},
ItalicFeatures={RawFeature={+calt,+dlig,+onum,+cswh,+swsh}}]{\myfont}

\let\amp\&
\renewcommand{\&}{{\fontspec{EB Garamond}\textit{\amp}}}

\setmathfont{\basemathfont}

\setmathfont[range={\mathup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\partial,
  \mathpunct,\mathbin,\mathrel,\infty,\mathpercent,\mathampersand,\mathdollar,\mathquestion},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\ell},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myitalicfont}
\setmathfont[range=\mathbfup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myboldfont}
\setmathfont[range=\mathbfit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myboldfont \myitalicfont}


\setmathfont[range={\otimes,\oplus,\square,\boxtimes,\boxminus,\boxplus,\cdot,\nabla,\ll,\gg,\lll,\ggg,\mathcolon,\Rightarrow,\Longrightarrow,\Leftrightarrow,\Longleftrightarrow}]{\basemathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathcal,\mathscr,\mathbfscr,
  "2AA1,"2AA2,"2AF7,"2AF8,\lesssim,\gtrsim,\in,\notin,
  \sumint,\equiv,\mp,\prime,\dprime,\trprime,\propto,\sim,\rightarrow,\leftarrow,\leftrightarrow,
  \dots,\ddots,\vdots,\parallel,\perp}]{XITS Math}

\AtBeginDocument{\Umathcode`\* = 0 0 "002A\relax}

% Blackboard bold from AMS math
\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}
\protected\def\mathbb#1{{\mathchar\numexpr256*\symAMSb+`#1\relax}}

\begin{document}
$(j)$
$(f)$
$[f]$
$\{f\}$
$\displaystyle\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}f\right|_{x=4}$
\end{document}

which yields the following result:

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage[math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO,nabla=upright,partial=upright]{unicode-math}

\def\basemathfont{Latin Modern Math}

\def\myfont{EB Garamond}
\def\mymathfont{\myfont}
\def\myitalicfont{ 12 Italic}

\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX,
RawFeature={+calt,+onum},
ItalicFeatures={RawFeature={+calt,+dlig,+onum,+cswh,+swsh}}]{\myfont}

\let\amp\&
\renewcommand{\&}{{\fontspec{EB Garamond}\textit{\amp}}}

\setmathfont{\basemathfont}

\setmathfont[range={\mathup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\partial,\mathpunct,\mathbin,\mathrel,\infty,\mathpercent,\mathampersand,\mathdollar,\mathquestion},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\ell},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myitalicfont}

\setmathfont[range={\otimes,\oplus,\square,\boxtimes,\boxminus,\boxplus,\cdot,\nabla,\ll,\gg,\lll,\ggg,\mathcolon,\Rightarrow,\Longrightarrow,\Leftrightarrow,\Longleftrightarrow}]{\basemathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathcal,\mathscr,\mathbfscr,
  "2AA1,"2AA2,"2AF7,"2AF8,\lesssim,\gtrsim,\in,\notin,
  \sumint,\equiv,\mp,\prime,\dprime,\trprime,\propto,\sim,\rightarrow,\leftarrow,\leftrightarrow,
  \dots,\ddots,\vdots,\parallel,\perp}]{XITS Math}

\AtBeginDocument{\Umathcode`\* = 0 0 "002A\relax}

\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}
\protected\def\mathbb#1{{\mathchar\numexpr256*\symAMSb+`#1\relax}}

\begin{document}
$(j)$
$(f)$
$[f]$
$\{f\}$
$\displaystyle\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}f\right|_{x=4}$
\end{document}

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage[math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO,nabla=upright,partial=upright]{unicode-math}

\def\basemathfont{Latin Modern Math}

\def\myfont{Garamond Premier Pro}
\def\mymathfont{\myfont}
\def\myboldfont{ Semibold}
\def\myitalicfont{ Italic}

\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX,
RawFeature={+calt,+onum},
ItalicFeatures={RawFeature={+calt,+dlig,+onum,+cswh,+swsh}}]{\myfont}

\let\amp\&
\renewcommand{\&}{{\fontspec{EB Garamond}\textit{\amp}}}

\setmathfont{\basemathfont}

\setmathfont[range={\mathup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\partial,
  \mathpunct,\mathbin,\mathrel,\infty,\mathpercent,\mathampersand,\mathdollar,\mathquestion},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\ell},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myitalicfont}
\setmathfont[range=\mathbfup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myboldfont}
\setmathfont[range=\mathbfit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},
CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myboldfont \myitalicfont}


\setmathfont[range={\otimes,\oplus,\square,\boxtimes,\boxminus,\boxplus,\cdot,\nabla,\ll,\gg,\lll,\ggg,\mathcolon,\Rightarrow,\Longrightarrow,\Leftrightarrow,\Longleftrightarrow}]{\basemathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathcal,\mathscr,\mathbfscr,
  "2AA1,"2AA2,"2AF7,"2AF8,\lesssim,\gtrsim,\in,\notin,
  \sumint,\equiv,\mp,\prime,\dprime,\trprime,\propto,\sim,\rightarrow,\leftarrow,\leftrightarrow,
  \dots,\ddots,\vdots,\parallel,\perp}]{XITS Math}

\AtBeginDocument{\Umathcode`\* = 0 0 "002A\relax}

% Blackboard bold from AMS math
\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}
\protected\def\mathbb#1{{\mathchar\numexpr256*\symAMSb+`#1\relax}}

\begin{document}
$(j)$
$(f)$
$f(x)$
$[f]$
$\{f\}$
$\displaystyle\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}f\right|_{x=4}$
\end{document}

which yields the following result: LuaLaTeX version:

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage[math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO,nabla=upright,partial=upright]{unicode-math}

\def\basemathfont{Latin Modern Math}

\def\myfont{EB Garamond}
\def\mymathfont{\myfont}
\def\myitalicfont{ 12 Italic}

\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX,
RawFeature={+calt,+onum},
ItalicFeatures={RawFeature={+calt,+dlig,+onum,+cswh,+swsh}}]{\myfont}

\let\amp\&
\renewcommand{\&}{{\fontspec{EB Garamond}\textit{\amp}}}

\setmathfont{\basemathfont}

\setmathfont[range={\mathup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\partial,\mathpunct,\mathbin,\mathrel,\infty,\mathpercent,\mathampersand,\mathdollar,\mathquestion},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\ell},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myitalicfont}

\setmathfont[range={\otimes,\oplus,\square,\boxtimes,\boxminus,\boxplus,\cdot,\nabla,\ll,\gg,\lll,\ggg,\mathcolon,\Rightarrow,\Longrightarrow,\Leftrightarrow,\Longleftrightarrow}]{\basemathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathcal,\mathscr,\mathbfscr,
  "2AA1,"2AA2,"2AF7,"2AF8,\lesssim,\gtrsim,\in,\notin,
  \sumint,\equiv,\mp,\prime,\dprime,\trprime,\propto,\sim,\rightarrow,\leftarrow,\leftrightarrow,
  \dots,\ddots,\vdots,\parallel,\perp}]{XITS Math}

\AtBeginDocument{\Umathcode`\* = 0 0 "002A\relax}

\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}
\protected\def\mathbb#1{{\mathchar\numexpr256*\symAMSb+`#1\relax}}

\begin{document}
$(j)$
$(f)$
$f(x)$
$[f]$
$\{f\}$
$\displaystyle\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}f\right|_{x=4}$
\end{document}

LuaLaTeX version:

EDIT: Added LuaLaTeX versions of the examples, per comments. For this to work, one has to add \RequirePackage{luatex85} at the top and, in the case of Garamond Premier Pro, specify the font using the file names instead of the font names (this does not work with XeLaTeX though).

which yields the following result: .

Similar results occur with EB Garamond \documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage[math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO,nabla=upright,partial=upright]{unicode-math}

\def\basemathfont{Latin Modern Math}

\def\myfont{EB Garamond}
\def\mymathfont{\myfont}
\def\myitalicfont{ 12 Italic}

\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX,
RawFeature={+calt,+onum},
ItalicFeatures={RawFeature={+calt,+dlig,+onum,+cswh,+swsh}}]{\myfont}

\let\amp\&
\renewcommand{\&}{{\fontspec{EB Garamond}\textit{\amp}}}

\setmathfont{\basemathfont}

\setmathfont[range={\mathup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\partial,\mathpunct,\mathbin,\mathrel,\infty,\mathpercent,\mathampersand,\mathdollar,\mathquestion},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\ell},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myitalicfont}

\setmathfont[range={\otimes,\oplus,\square,\boxtimes,\boxminus,\boxplus,\cdot,\nabla,\ll,\gg,\lll,\ggg,\mathcolon,\Rightarrow,\Longrightarrow,\Leftrightarrow,\Longleftrightarrow}]{\basemathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathcal,\mathscr,\mathbfscr,
  "2AA1,"2AA2,"2AF7,"2AF8,\lesssim,\gtrsim,\in,\notin,
  \sumint,\equiv,\mp,\prime,\dprime,\trprime,\propto,\sim,\rightarrow,\leftarrow,\leftrightarrow,
  \dots,\ddots,\vdots,\parallel,\perp}]{XITS Math}

\AtBeginDocument{\Umathcode`\* = 0 0 "002A\relax}

\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}
\protected\def\mathbb#1{{\mathchar\numexpr256*\symAMSb+`#1\relax}}

\begin{document}
$(j)$
$(f)$
$[f]$
$\{f\}$
$\displaystyle\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}f\right|_{x=4}$
\end{document}

which yields the following result:

Similar results occur with EB Garamond

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage[math-style=ISO,bold-style=ISO,nabla=upright,partial=upright]{unicode-math}

\def\basemathfont{Latin Modern Math}

\def\myfont{EB Garamond}
\def\mymathfont{\myfont}
\def\myitalicfont{ 12 Italic}

\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX,
RawFeature={+calt,+onum},
ItalicFeatures={RawFeature={+calt,+dlig,+onum,+cswh,+swsh}}]{\myfont}

\let\amp\&
\renewcommand{\&}{{\fontspec{EB Garamond}\textit{\amp}}}

\setmathfont{\basemathfont}

\setmathfont[range={\mathup/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\partial,\mathpunct,\mathbin,\mathrel,\infty,\mathpercent,\mathampersand,\mathdollar,\mathquestion},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathit/{latin,Latin,greek,Greek,num},\ell},CharacterVariant={5,11},Numbers=Lining]{\mymathfont \myitalicfont}

\setmathfont[range={\otimes,\oplus,\square,\boxtimes,\boxminus,\boxplus,\cdot,\nabla,\ll,\gg,\lll,\ggg,\mathcolon,\Rightarrow,\Longrightarrow,\Leftrightarrow,\Longleftrightarrow}]{\basemathfont}
\setmathfont[range={\mathcal,\mathscr,\mathbfscr,
  "2AA1,"2AA2,"2AF7,"2AF8,\lesssim,\gtrsim,\in,\notin,
  \sumint,\equiv,\mp,\prime,\dprime,\trprime,\propto,\sim,\rightarrow,\leftarrow,\leftrightarrow,
  \dots,\ddots,\vdots,\parallel,\perp}]{XITS Math}

\AtBeginDocument{\Umathcode`\* = 0 0 "002A\relax}

\DeclareSymbolFont{AMSb}{U}{msb}{m}{n}
\protected\def\mathbb#1{{\mathchar\numexpr256*\symAMSb+`#1\relax}}

\begin{document}
$(j)$
$(f)$
$[f]$
$\{f\}$
$\displaystyle\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}f\right|_{x=4}$
\end{document}