Generally this is not allowed and you likely need to claim only from one of these two insurances as stated in the terms and conditions of each insurance. However, there are totoo many rules and exceptions regarding this and it will depend on each case.
As far as I know, most travel health insurances in Germany attached to the statutory health insurance will cover you 100% and are better than travel health insurance form European credit card providers, leaving nothing for the credit card insurance to cover.
If for example you rent a car with a mandatory insurance for € 1000 deductible, then your credit card might cover € 1000 in case of an event, and the mandatory insurance you paid for the rental place will cover the rest.
Another example is insurance for luggage or flight delay that some credit cards have, those are usually in addition to any other compensation you might receive. So you could potentially claim € 500 from the airline under the EC261 or Montreal convention and also get another € 500 from your credit card insurance. This is true for an insurance I use to have, but it also depends on each case.