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    Note. tr doesn't handle characters which use more than one byte.. see Wikipedia tr (Unix) .. ie. tr is not Unicode compliant. Commented Aug 15, 2011 at 19:43
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    You're running 4 commands for every line of the file Commented Mar 3, 2015 at 18:25
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    you need to remove whitespace characters from $IFS, otherwise read will trim them from the start and end. Commented Mar 3, 2015 at 18:25
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    you can't use echo for arbitrary data Commented Mar 3, 2015 at 18:27
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    @Peter.O, some tr implementations support multibyte characters, but wc -c counts bytes, not characters anyway (need wc -m for characters). Commented Mar 3, 2015 at 18:28