dhcp does not change the local configuration directly, it calls a script once it gets the lease (by default /sbin/dhclient-script in Debian).
You can specify your own script with -sf and use the $new_ip_address to find out the leased IP. There is a dedicated manpage for this type of script.
dhcp will keep on running once it gets the lease, so you need to stop it. By default the pid is stored in /var/run/dhclient.pid but you can change it with -pf.
An example script:
#!/bin/sh
case $reason in
BOUND|RENEW|REBIND|REBOOT)
echo "MY IP IS " $new_ip_address
kill $(cat /var/run/dhclient.pid)
;;
*)
;;
esac
Then, if you run:
dhclient -sf /path/to/your_script -d wlxd037455928c0interface 2>&1 | grep "MY IP"
You'll get the value.
Be sure to avoid interaction with other DHCP client processes (dhclient, NetworkManager, ...) since in that case the results could be different.