My main concern is that a lot of the factors I initially had for joining (financial upside, career growth trajectory, culture, etc.) are now up in the air, and I am not sure what's the best way to get accurate answers for these questions.
When you get to the meeting, and get chance to, just politely ask about those things.
Ask that you previously were told X, and wondered if it is still the same now things have changed. You can then decide if you still like the idea.
I was wondering what are some of the important questions to ask, red flags to look for, and overall how to best handle this situation?
Besides the ones that are your main concern, it could be a good idea to do some research on the company that bought the startup, so you can see if it is of your liking.
I would be aware of any big change on the previous terms you had, and see if it is still convenient to you.
I would also adviceadvise you update your resume and start job-searching again, just in case you don't like this offer anymore (or in the more extreme case the position were no longer available due to the acquisition).