OK so instead of fossil fuels, bio-fuels.

1. You can always burn wood, moss, basically any dried plants for fuel.
2. You can expose organic matter (wood, sugar, etc) to heat with lack of oxygen to create charcoal.
3. You can burn distilled alcohol. 99% distilled alcohol is even good enough to use as jet fuel or for rockets.

Both #1 and #2 were historically used to power steam boilers that powered other machines.

Windmills and water wheels
Both have historically been used to power all kinds of machines.

A water wheel placed next to a large river can easily power a large factory. Generally, a shaft attached to the wheel by gears would extend into the factory to power the machines in the factory. In some cases, this involved locating worker stations along the shaft and then having the workers attach to it via a belt to draw mechanical power.

Geothermal
If you can find naturally occurring hot-springs, you can power boilers from it in those locations. But that's going to be geographically limited.