Even a planet without a history of life could have plenty of petroleum like fuel
Here on Earth, nearly every molecule of water has been some animal's pee at least a couple of times and every complex hydrocarbon was some animal's corpse. But just like water does not need to go through an organism's body to exist, neither do complex hydrocarbons.
How Inorganic Abiogenic Complex Hydrocarbon Fuels Form
Here on Earth, we've discovered a number of processes for making long chain polymers from methane. Most textbooks will tell you that complex hydrocarbons only form in the mantel at depths of over 60km based on a single experiment done at room temperature without any catalysts, and that these are destroyed in the process of trying to get to the crust. However, there is growing evidence that Abiogenic Complex Hydrocarbons actually do form inside the crust at depths as little as 2km.
Part of the claim that it only happens deeper is based on the idea that methaine only exists in a defused state underground; however, there are several known natural serpentine engines where water meets minerals like olivine which create large underground pockets of pure, high-pressure methane before it has time to dissipate into the surrounding rock. While we have only observed this phenomenon at the ocean floor near hydrothermal vents, we know that groundwater under the Ocean can penetrate all the way to the mantel. Anywhere the water forms a serpentine engine ~5-10km underground, you can recreate the exact conditions we use in factories to create LDPEs from methane; so, we can naturally assume that LDPEs must form at these natural serpentine engines at these depths which over time and pressure will refine into something very closely resembling crude oil. So while organic oil stores energy from the sun, this oil would store geothermal energy.
This process becomes even more efficient if it happens in the presence of a natural catalyst like magnetite. If magnetite is present, the reaction could happen at depths of as little as 2km.
How it Will be Different Than Earth
Here on Earth, we have a relatively large amount of fossil fuels close to the surface where they are easy to mine. Your terraformed planet may have some near-surface oil reserves due to plate tectonics and volcanic activity, but the vast majority of its usable fossil fuels will require deep sea oil rigs to reach.
That said, you can offset this difficulty with a more carbon rich planet. Compared to other solar systems, the Sol System is relatively carbon scarce meaning that the average Earth-Like planet in another solar system will actually have much more Carbon than Earth. That means more natural hydrocarbons in the environment, meaning that you could have much larger abiogenic oil reserves than on Earth to offset the greater difficulty in reaching them.