World Heritage-Making in the Pluralistic Legal-Institutional Setting of Catur Angga Batukaru, Bali

International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 2019

Preservation of existing cultural heritage and the need for new facilities is a struggle that characterizes the development of a city. In Denpasar City, Bali Province there is a Subak cultural landscape in the form of an agricultural area. Subak cultural landscape has been designated as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO (WBD). The subak WBD site established by UNESCO consists of 4 regions spread across Bali Province. The subak area in Denpasar City by the city government is also conserved by establishing it as a green open space. Although it has been designated as green open space, land conversion continues to occur in subak land. The preservation of subak cannot only be carried out by regulations. Subak conservation must be carried out comprehensively involving all related elements. In city ecology there are three main things that influence and move dynamically, namely, politics, economy and culture. This article will review the power and its role in the existence of the cultural landscape of Subak in the city of Denpasar. This article consists of three main parts. The first part discusses the cultural landscape of subak in Denpasar City as green space and its changes. The second part discusses the cultural position of subak landscape as a component of the city. The final part is to analyze what influences power, and what its role is in the development of subak cultural landscape in Denpasar City, Bali Province.

Palgrave Macmillan, 2019

This book offers a comprehensive examination of spatial and environmental governance in contemporary Bali. In the era of decentralisation, Bali's eight district governments and one municipality acquired a strong sense of authority to extract revenues from within their territorial borders while disregarding the impacts beyond them which has exacerbated environmental, cultural and institutional issues. These issues are addressed through reorganising space. In reality, however, such re-organisation has predominantly been in order to provide space for tourism investments and market expansion. The outcomes of reorganising space are in fact shaped by the dynamics of power that interface with increasingly complex legal and institutional structures. These complex structures provide more arenas for vested interests to manoeuvre, but at the same time provide different forms of legitimacy for local forces to challenge the dominant process. The book demonstrates the mechanisms through which social actors mobilise legal-institutional arrangements to advance their interests.

Land

Research on governance of tourism development predominantly focuses on sustainable management of a tourism destination, pinning hopes on the market and individual entrepreneurs. In Indonesia, this mission has been codified in post-reformation era (1998–2014) policies of land-use change promoting tourism and environmental conservation. One of these is the introduction of the UNESCO Geopark charter as a tool to realize the image of a modern state and “modernizing” regional economies. In this, a particular patrimonial governance arrangement appears to govern land use distribution to accrue the potential value of land from different use. This particular clientelist order will be analyzed in this article, namely by examining how finance, state power, and informal interactions between the national and regional structures of governance mesh in arranging land-use conversions for tourism purposes. Based on 4 months of ethnographic fieldwork and 32 interviews with various stakeholders in the ...

9th Center for International Law Studies (CILS) Conference, 2018

With the Law No. 11 on Cagar Budaya (Heritage Protection) officially signed, the heritage management in Indonesia starts a new chapter. Indonesian government not only regulate protection to sustain the heritage but also expecting heritage should be beneficial for national economic activity as well as national character building. However, the lack of derivative rules and multiple or different interpretations has led many regions to issue local regulations according to their interpretation. This encourages the emergence of conflicts that adversely affect the management of cultural heritage in Indonesia. One such case occurred in Onrust Archaeological Park, Jakarta. As one of the important sites of historical events in Jakarta, even Indonesia, the conflict that arose resulted in the park cannot develop further and degrading its value. Through literature review and in-depth interview with stakeholders, this research aims to revisit the heritage regulation on Onrust Island and try to apprehend its impacts on the management of the park.

All photographs by Albert Salamanca and Agus Nugroho, except where indicated. Cover photo: The terraced ricefields of Jatiluwih in Catur Angga Batukaru, the core subak landscape in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Bali This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). The publication of this report has been made possible through the financial support provided by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). However, Sida was not involved in the design of the study and does not necessarily support the views expressed in the report.

Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 2015

Since the fall of long-time strongman Suharto and his authoritarian 'New Order' government in 1998, Indonesia has embarked upon a series of decentralisation and democratisation reforms. This new era of decentralised politics has come to be known as Reformasi and has significantly altered the political landscape of the archipelago as national and subnational levels of administration continue to contest the balance of power. Indonesia's national parks, which remain under the authority of the national government, have become arenas for negotiated encounters between local resource users, aspiring district elites and the national government. This essay explores three legacies of incomplete and unfinished decentralisation as they related to national-park-based conservation, using Sumatra's Kerinci Seblat National Park as a case study.

Developing countries are facing many challenges to cope with the influx of population migration to cities and the associated demand for urban fabric and public facilities. Urban development strategies mainly focus on infrastructure and economy and generally do not take into account character and identity of urban areas. This paper emphasizes the importance of cultural heritage as a critical factor to improve the character and identity of Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia. Denpasar's cultural heritage attracts increasing number of tourists and it is the main source of local economy. However, tourism has led to population influx to Denpasar leading to degradation of city character. Interviews with different stakeholders were used to capture their views about the importance of cultural heritage and evolve strategies to improve the cultural identity and heritage of Denpasar. It brings out ways of conserving cultural heritage and how it could be incorporated into planning and development policies of Denpasar.

2014. In Anthropological Quarterly, 87/1: 267-292. The title, States of Conservation, deliberately references the two “states” that now occupy critical yet oppositional nodes within UNESCO’s 1972 Convention and its conservation agenda. It recalls the State of Conservation (SOC) reports commissioned by the World Heritage Center in conjunction with its Advisory Bodies that relay the condition of World Heritage properties to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. But more critically, “states” here also refers to the most powerful, emergent players in World Heritage Site inscription and protection processes—the States Parties of the 1972 Convention. Many researchers have debated the merits and consequences of World Heritage. While this work remains critical, my own contribution specifically traces the international political pacting, national economic interests, and voting blocs through which particular states increasingly set the World Heritage agenda and recast UNESCO as an agency for global branding rather than global conservation. I contend that as the rush for World Heritage inscription increases and economic and geo-political pacting between nations intensifies, the resources, concerns, and commitments for conservation of sites already inscribed potentially declines. The politics of inscription has now spilled over into the politics of conservation and endangerment. But whereas the former seeks international status and socio-economic benefits through global branding, the latter may jeopardize protection of those same sites through the unhindered interventions of conflict, mining, exploitation, and other infrastructural developments. Whether describing World Heritage, the environment, or manufacturing, denationalized economic life goes hand in hand with renationalized political life. I draw World Heritage case studies from around the world, with a particular focus on the Historic District of Panama—one example of what happens with the cutting of conservation, and concomitantly communities, from the Convention.

2021

This study focuses on the existence of Subak in Bali as a form of agricultural local wisdom that needs preserving and protecting. This study was conducted in Jatiluwih Subak in Tabanan Regency – Bali as an icon of the World Cultural Heritage. The analysis relied on the mixed-method approach, with 94 farmers as the research respondents. Findings from this study demonstrate that only some farmers understood Subak’s status as the World Cultural Heritage. In addition, most of them did not plan to sell their agricultural lands because those lands were inherited from their ancestors that need preserving and inheriting their offspring. Subak, as a customary institution, plays a dominant roles socially, culturally, and economically in preserving well-functioning Subak. However, the government’s supports are still crucial in preserving Subak to remain as a World Cultural Heritage.

2010

Protection and conservation lie at the heart of the World Heritage system, yet the designation of World Heritage status can create problems for both the pre-existing population and management that potentially threaten the success and sustainability of conservation efforts. Using the Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia, as a case study, this thesis identifies and analyses the way in which international heritage obligations translate to local land-use rules, and investigates the responses and perspectives of resident populations to the resultant spatially regulated landscape. This research finds that a profound dissonance exists between the traditional normative landscape and the rigid zone-and-buffer approach imposed upon it; a scenario with negative outcomes for both management and local people. The sub-discipline of legal geography provides the context for this investigation of the ways in which laws impact on space. Epistemologically, studies in legal geography explain the ways that regulatory frameworks shape and form landscapes by restricting and manipulating how people interact in their lived environs (Biomley, 2001; 2003; Delaney, 2001; Ford, 1999). The process of territorialisation (Sack, 1986) through which influence or control occurs over a defined geographical area, also plays a role in the creation of the World Heritage landscape at Angkor. Spatially-defining a landscape means that boundaries and complementary obligations/restrictions are created. Discrete areas become spatially bounded, yet the legitimacy of these boundaries can be challenged (or are meaningless) under conditions of legal pluralism where different conceptions of the same space co-exist or, at times, compete {Griffiths eta/., 2009). This thesis explores the challenge of heritage conservation in the legally plural, post-conflict, post-colonial landscape at Angkor. The Angkor Archaeological Park in Cambodia incorporates hundreds of medieval monuments and thousands of other cultural features scattered across more than 1000km 2 , less than half of which falls within the World Heritage Park (Evans, 2007; 2007b). In this context, a major challenge lies in creating an effective land administrative regime to accommodate the conservation and protection of such a vast site. Access to land; restrictions on land use; ownership and usufruct entitlements are controversial in a post-conflict society such as Cambodia. While UNESCO policy states that World Heritage status does not preclude land rights IV '