Lexicographic affinities between Persian and Bengali language

Language changes as time passes, it has a history. The essence of history is change taking place in time. Anything which endures in time has a history, because in this world of flux anything which endures in time suffers change. But if history is to be meaningful, there must also be continuity. A language may change over a long period so greatly as to become something vastly different from what it was at the begining. But this great change is the cumulation of many small changes. We are able to observe directly only the language of our own time, but written records give us clues to the nature of the language of earlier days.

IJARESM, 2021

The paper tries to focus on the various techniques, directions and dimensions of change of meaning in a language. Special attention has been given on the types of changes in meaning of a language. Examples are set with reference to Odia language, one of the most important Indian languages of classical status. Efforts have been taken in order to discover the facts and phenomena how, when and why the meaning of a word changes in the course of time. Types of semantic changes are well described as explained by various experts of semantics and linguistics. Factors triggering the change in meaning are focused too in this paper.

Malaysian Journal of Languages and Linguistics (MJLL), 2016

The way languages change offers an insight into the nature of language itself. Linguistic changes and/or developments might have undergone due to specific motives, although only some are reasonably understood. Actually, internal and external causes are the major classification of such motives. This paper investigates and analyses the external motives only which are triggered by the nature of society outside language system; outside the structure of language and the human organism. These motives stand behind the innovation or modification of lexical aspect in language in a hope to reveal an indepth understanding of the role of lexemes in reflecting language change. New words, i.e. neologisms, will be utilised to implement the idea of language change. By handling this item, we find out that language's lexemes change due to specific factors that occur in society as a whole with the readiness of language users to that change.

Inception - Journal of Languages and Literature

Urdu is the national language of Pakistan. It is a standardized register of Hindustani language and is lingua franca of Pakistan. Urdu is the official language of six Indian states. The study aims to investigate how language is dying out within the language the words are obsoleted from Urdu language. The target population for this study was Native speaker of Urdu language of 11-25 years age, 26-40 years age, 41-55 and 60 years & above of age. The sample consisted of 20 people each group. The data was obtained through wordlist of 60 chosen words and then in the end, interviews were administered to decipher the language attrition in Urdu language. Triangulation approach was used for data analysis. The data of 65 respondents was analyzed using statistical tests in order to compare the performance of native and non-native speakers of Urdu language. Their motivation was also examined. Results revealed that in native speech community, the speakers of 41-55 age groups know many words along...

International Journal of Language & Linguistics, 2020

The promotion of African languages through Mother Tongue Education is considered an important component to achieving UNESCO's 2007 Education For All (EFA) and the Millenium Development Goals (MDG).This comes along with enormous challenges including the acquisition of scientific knowledge and technological know-how in the language the people know best. With the advent of globalization, researchers are faced with the genuine problem of providing scientific and technical vocabulary so that African languages can respond to this challenge which is indispensable in the enterprise of national development. The need to express scientific knowledge introduced via western languages, reveal the inadequacy of African languages to cope with the demands of the contact of cultures and civilization. Confronted with such inadequacies, native speakers are often led to spontaneously seeking ways and means of extending their vocabularies so as to cope with the much demands of cultural revolutions. (Chumbow,1994). This paper provides a descriptive analysis on mechanisms of lexical expansion in Ejagham, a Bantu language spoken in the South West region of Cameroon. The language possesses adequate morphological, morphophonological and morphosyntactic processes to cope with expression of new ideas. It is hoped the discussions will serve as a guide in facilitating lexical innovation as an enterprise in language development and will contribute to the position that any language can be rapidly developed by applying certain language engineering principles and techniques to enable it assume a greater function in education and national development.

In recent years, the specific changes in the Persian language and many other Iranian languages including Bakhtiari, have got a prominent role since these changes are considered to be tools to identify the thoughts and to have direct insight to the way of life of societies. Language change happens all the time. However, in this paper, the sudden language change after the arrival of a competitive language is considered and discussed. There are so many changes in Persian that it is really hard to recognize them the normal historical trend in the language development. In this study, the Model of Competition and Survival is proposed, which helps us to understand the phenomenon of language change from the sociolinguistic perspective and some arguments regarding the possible political and regional implications of these language changes are discussed. Furthermore, the directionality of language change is discussed as it was one of the well-known conundrums in the diachronic linguistics and the language soul as a powerful force behind the big language change is considered and discussed. Furthermore, Bakhtiari language and Kurdish are presented as evidence for the model.

Path of Science

Socio-political terms exist in all world languages and are directly related to the socio-political structure of each country. The words related to statehood, religion and political system were mentioned in sources associated with the ancient period of Persian and Azerbaijani languages. In the article, among such sources, "The Book of Dede-Gorgud", Orkhon-Yenisei" on Turkic languages, and the samples selected from the work "Shahnameh" on Persian are analyzed by the historical-comparative method. When studying terms related to religion, it should be investigated in more detail whether these terms correctly reflect events in the socio-political life of the country they belong to, as they are subject to purposeful interventions in several cases. Considering Manichaean, Islam, Sufism and other religious directions, which are thought to be related to Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrianism in Iran, this picture is further complicated. In the article, medieval Persian dictionaries were also reviewed among the sources related to the Middle Ages. It was noted that words related to almost all areas of social life are included in them. The social and political situation after the Iranian Islamic Revolution and the terms that were created in connection with this situation is considered in the history of Iran. The article also contains information about using borrowed words in both languages' social and political fields. Then the place of the terms in the form of abbreviations in the speech was analyzed. In the article, the data gives grounds to say that as a result of any historical event, the most profitable sphere is linguistics. So, although the changes in other areas cause stagnation and decline in some instances, linguistics is enriched with new words. Political linguistics is also included, and the rising line of political discourse during World War I can serve as an example.

2007

The present thesis has two agendas: I) it presents a morphologicai description of Bengali, an Indo-European language spoken in South Asia and eventually ii) examines whether the W(hole) W(ord) M(orphological) theory developed by Aian Ford & Rajendra Singh of the University of Montreal (cf. Ford, Singh & Martohardjono 1997) s an adequate model for such descriptions. WWM daims that words do not have any internai hierarchical structure. Implicitly, units smailer than word (such as stem or affix) cannot exist and there is no need for multiple morphology like compounding, derivation, infiection or reduplication. A typical WWM view would be that a good number of words of some lexicon are formaiiy and/or categorically different and semanticaily related to each other. Whenever there exist at ieast two pairs of words based on the same formai difference, categorical affiHation and semantic relatedness (cf. Singh 1992) a particular strategy becomes part of the morphological module of the speak...

Collegium antropologicum, 2004