Davis, G. (2011), 'Axones and Kurbeis: a new answer to an old problem', Historia 60/1, 1-35
Historia 60.1 (2011) 1-35
Abstract
What were axones and kurbeis, and why are they important to understanding law-making in late archaic and classical Athens? This paper presents a new solution to the long-standing riddle. It is based on a comprehensive collection of the literary and inscriptional sources which are summarised in chronological order, and analysed by shape, material, content and period. It demonstrates that kurbeis were 3-sided, free-standing, wooden objects used throughout the Greek world in the archaic period. As such, they were precursors of stelae bearing authoritative texts, including laws. Axones were 4-sided, wooden objects, probably rotating, upon which only the legislation collectively known as the 'laws of Solon' was inscribed. It is argued that these laws were gradually enacted from the time of Drakon and were kept in a variety of places according to subject matter. At the end of the fifth-century, the anagrapheis responsible for the laws' republication reinscribed them on the axones to sort out the legal confusion entailed in the previous haphazard system, and they were kept in the Metroon. The first law they reinscribed was Drakon's homicide law with a copy on stone for public display.
Key takeaways
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- Kurbeis were three-sided wooden objects used for authoritative texts in archaic Greece.
- Axones were four-sided wooden objects inscribed with Solon's laws, likely rotating for access.
- The text proposes a new understanding of law-making in Athens based on literary and inscriptional evidence.
- Drakon's homicide law was the first to be reinscribed on an axon in the fifth century BCE.
- A total of 124 sources were analyzed, highlighting the distinct functions of axones and kurbeis.
References (5)
- J. Bury, History of Greece (Edinburgh 1900) 187.
- C. Gilliard, Quelques réformes de Solon (Lausanne 1907) 34. My translation follows.
- C. Sondhaus, De legibus Solonis (Jena 1909).
- J. Schreiner, De corpore iuris Atheniensium (Bonn 1913) 30.
- I. Linforth, Solon the Athenian (Berkeley-Los Angeles 1919) 284 ff.
FAQs
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What are the key distinctions between axones and kurbeis?
The evidence indicates that axones were rectangular wooden objects, while kurbeis were three-sided pyramids used for various texts, including laws.
How did modern interpretations of Solon's laws evolve?
Scholarly opinions shifted significantly post-1970s, moving from viewing Solon's laws as a comprehensive code to understanding them as more of a collection over time.
What evidence suggests the physical characteristics of axones?
Ancient references describe axones as four-sided and rotating wooden objects, potentially housed in frames for convenience.
When did primary evidence for axones firstly appear in historical texts?
References to axones emerge around the late fifth century BCE, reflecting a system established for inscribing Athenian laws during that period.
What insights do kurbeis provide about law dissemination in ancient Athens?
Kurbeis were used beyond Athenian laws, indicating broader applications in documenting varied authoritative texts across different Greek poleis.
Gil Davis