Academia.eduAcademia.edu

“Pagan Pilgrimage: New Religious Movements Research on Sacred Travel within Pagan and New Age Communities.” 2011.

https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-8171.2011.00282.X

Abstract

“Pagan Pilgrimage: New Religious Movements Research on Sacred Travel within Pagan and New Age Communities.” Religion Compass. New Religious Movements section. (5)7:326–342. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00282.x

References (136)

  1. For scholarship about the New Age movement, see Lewis 1992; Roof 1993, Roof 1999; Pike 2004; Chryssides 2007; Chandler 2008; and Bender 2010. Hackett 1992; Carozzi 2007; Prohl 2007; Mullins 1992; and Poggi 1992 investigate New Age influence outside the West. For discussions of New Age cosmology, see Lewis 1992; Heelas 1996; Hanegraaf 1998; Pearson et al.1998; Ivakhiv 2001; Pike 2004; Possamai 2005; Kemp & Lewis 2007; Dubisch 2009a; and Fidele 2009; York 2002; Pearson 1998; Pike 2004 and Harrington 2007 discuss similarities and distinc- tions between New Age and Contemporary Pagan communities. Lewis 1996; Pearson et al. 1998; Pike 2001, 2004; and Cowan 2005 discuss Contemporary Paganism. On eco-spirituality, see Taylor 1995, 2001, 2009; Ivakhiv 2007; and Bowman 2007. On spiritual feminism, see Bednarowski 1992; Eller 1993; Christ 1987, 1997; Salmonsen 2002; and Griffin 2005. Members of each group may also distance themselves from the other. For example, some Pagans object to the New Age movement as consumerist, apolitical and neo-colonialist in borrowing from other cultures. Many Pagans do not want to be associated with these practices. New Age practitioners, on the other hand, fre- quently express disdain about particular kinds of Pagans, especially goth Witches, whom they see as perpetuating unhelpful stereotypes, as well as having spiritually negative personal practices, such as dressing all in black, a spiritu- ally undeveloped color that promotes disharmony. See Pike 2004, p. 22; Bender 2010, p. 95. For internal rejection of the term 'New Age', see Lewis 1992, Possamai 2005; and Dubisch 2009a.
  2. Examples of contemporary Pagan and New Age practitioners traveling together or blurring boundaries between their communities, see Dubisch 2009a; Rose 2010; Fidele 2009; Rountree 2002.
  3. Literature on definitions of pilgrimage includes Turner & Turner 1978; Bhardwaj & Rinschede 1988, 1990;
  4. Nolan & Nolan 1989; Eade & Sallnow 1991a; Crumrine & Morinis 1991; Morinis 1992; Reader 1993; Reader and Walter 1993; Stoddard 1997; Badone & Roseman 2004; Coleman & Eade 2004; Winkleman & Dubisch 2005; Margry 2008b. On pilgrimage as metaphor for life, see Turner & Turner 1978, p. 237; Lincoln 2004, p. 34;
  5. Tomlin 2004, p. 124; York 2002, pp. 137-138; and Duncan 2008, p. 113. For pilgrimage as purely internal, see Aden 1999 and Turnbull 1992.
  6. Carhenge, designed by Jim Reinders and constructed in 1987, is a recreation of the Stone Henge in England built out of old cars. See Friends of Carhenge (n.d.) and Carhenge 2005. For a fictionalized account of road-side attractions as sacred power centers, see Gaiman 2001.
  7. For religious diversity at Glastonbury, see Bowman 1993, 2007, 2008 and Ivakhiv 2001.
  8. Taylor 1997; Donaldson 2001; Peskowitz 2001; Martin-Hill 2004; Sweating Indian Style 1994. On internal conflict within Paganism over cultural borrowing, see Pike 2001, pp. 123-54.
  9. Rose 2010 and Rountree 2002 discuss religiously motivated journeys to the pyramids at Giza. Rountree 2002 also addresses ruins in Turkey. For Machu Piccu, see Arellano 2007 and Ivakhiv 2007, p. 266. For ruins in Greece, see Dubisch 2009a.
  10. For deconstructions of Western definitions of religion, see Smith 1982; Asad 1993, 2003; Orsi 2001; Taylor 2004; Masuzawa 2005; and Zwissler 2007. On the treatment of ritual within religious studies, see Bell 1992, 1997; Grimes 1990; St. John 2008.
  11. 9 On scholarly attitudes towards consumerism in New Age and Pagan communities, see Possamai 2007; Pike 2004; Donaldson 2001; and Chandler 2008. On distinctions between tourism and pilgrimage, see Cohen 1992; Shapiro 2008; Gladstone 2005 and Raj & Morpeth 2007a,b.
  12. On the difficulty of assessing pilgrims internal states, see Preston 1990, p. 17; Morinis 1992. On broadening approaches to religious travel and ideas of religious tourism, see Badone & Roseman 2004; Shapiro 2008; Dubisch 2009a; Raj & Morpeth 2007a,b; Gladstone 2005 and Bhardwaj et al. 1994, p. 9.
  13. Bowman 1993, 2007, 2008 and Ivakhiv 2001. Walsingham is another English pilgrimage site that clearly displays interplay and competition between Anglican and Roman Catholic interpretations. See Coleman 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009. 12 On unrecognized religiously motivated journeys, see Reader 1993; Ambrosio 2007; Margry 2008a. For The Run for the Wall, see Michalowski & Dubisch 2001; for pilgrimage to Graceland, see Davidson et al. 1990; King 1993; Doss 2008; for Morrison's grave, see Margry 2008c; for disaster memorials, see Post et al. 2003 and Blasi 2002.
  14. Bender, Courtney (2010). The New Metaphysicals: Spirituality and the American Religious Imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  15. Blain, Jenny & Wallace, Robert (2007). Sacred Sites: Contested Rites ⁄ Rights. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
  16. Blasi, Anthony J. (2002). Visitation to Disaster Sites. In: William H. Swatos Jr, and Luigi Tomasi (eds.), From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism: The Social and Cultural Economics of Piety, pp. 159-80. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  17. Bowman, Glenn (1991). Christian Ideology and the Image of a Holy Land: The Place of Jerusalem Pilgrimage in the Various Christianities. In: John Eade and Michael J. Sallnow (eds.), Contesting the Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage, pp. 98-121. London: Routledge.
  18. Bowman, Marion B. (1993). Drawn to Glastonbury. In: Ian Reader and Tony Walter (eds.), Pilgrimage in Popular Culture, pp. 29-64. London: MacMillan.
  19. --. (2007). Ancient Avalon, New Jerusalem, Heart Shakra of Planet Earth: The Local and the Global in Glaston- bury. In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 291-314. Leiden: Brill.
  20. --. (2008). Going with the Flow: Contemporary Pilgrimage to Glastonbury. In: Peter Jan Margry (ed.), Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred, pp. 241-80. Amsterdam: University of Amster- dam Press.
  21. Brown, Dan (2003). The Da Vinci Code. New York: Doubleday.
  22. Carozzi, Maria J. (2007). A Latin American New Age? In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 341-57. Boston: Brill.
  23. Chandler, Siobhan (2008). The Social Ethic of Religiously Unaffiliated Spirituality, Religion Compass, 2(2), pp. 240-56.
  24. Christ, Carol (1987). The Laughter of Aphrodite: Reflections on a Journey to the Goddess. San Francisco: Harper and Rowe.
  25. --. (1997). Rebirth of the Goddess: Finding Meaning in Feminist Spirituality. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  26. Chryssides, George D. (2007). Defining the New Age. In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 5-24. Leiden: Brill.
  27. Coats, Curtis (2009). Sedona, Arizona: New Age Pilgrim-Tourist Destination, Crosscurrents, 59(3), pp 383-9.
  28. Cohen, Erik (1992). Pilgrimage and Tourism; Convergence and Divergence. In: Alan Morinis (ed.), Sacred Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage, pp. 47-64. London: Greenwood Press.
  29. Coleman, Simon (2002). Do You Believe in Pilgrimage? Communitas, Contestation, and Beyond, Anthropological Theory, 2(3), pp. 355-68.
  30. --. (2004). Pilgrimage to 'England's Nazareth': Landscapes of Myth and Memory in Walsingham. In: Ellen Ba- done and Sharon R. Roseman. (eds.), Intersecting Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage and Tourism, pp. 52-67. Urbana: University of Chicago Press.
  31. --. (2005). Putting It All Together Again: Pilgrimage, Healing and Incarnation at Walsingham. In: Jill Dubisch and Michael Winkleman (eds.), Pilgrimage and Healing, pp. 91-110. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.
  32. --. (2009). Mary on the Margins? Modulation of Marian Imagery in Place, Memory and Performance. In: Anna-Karina Hermkens, Willy Jansen and Catrien Notermans (eds.), Moved by Mary: The Power of pilgrimage in the Modern World, pp. 17-33. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  33. --& Eade, John (2004). Introduction: Reframing Pilgrimage. In: Simon Coleman and John Eade (eds.), Reframing Pilgrimage: Cultures in Motion, pp. 1-25. New York: Routledge.
  34. Cowan, Douglas E. (2005). Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet. New York: Routledge.
  35. Crumrine, N. Ross & Morinis, Alan (eds.) (1991). Pilgrimage in Latin America. New York: Greenwood.
  36. Davidson, J. W., Hecht, Alfred & Whitney, Herbert A. (1990). The Pilgrimage to Graceland. In: G. Rinschede and S. M. Bhardwaj (eds.), Pilgrimage in the United States, pp. 229-52. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
  37. Dobia, Brenda (2007). Approaching the Hindu Goddess of Desire, Feminist Theology, 16(1), pp. 61-78.
  38. Donaldson, Laura E. (2001). On Medicine Women and White Same-ans: New Age Native Americanism and Commodity Fetishism as Pop Culture Feminism. In Elizabeth A. Castelli and Roseamond C. Rodman (eds.), Women, Gender, Religion: A Reader, pp. 237-56. New York: Palgrave.
  39. Doss, Erika (2008). Rock and Roll Pilgrims: Reflections on Ritual, Religiosity and Race at Graceland. In: Peter Jan Margry (ed.), Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred, pp. 123-42. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.
  40. Dubisch, Jill. (1995). In a Different Place: Pilgrimage, Gender and Politics at a Greek Island Shrine. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  41. --. (2009a). Encountering Gods and Goddesses: Two Pilgrimages in Greece, Crosscurrents, 59(3), pp. 283-99.
  42. --. (2009b). Epilogue: The Many Faces of Mary. In: Anna-Karina Hermkens, Willy Jansen and Catrien Notermans (eds.), Moved by Mary: The Power of Pilgrimage in the Modern World, pp. 227-38. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  43. Duncan, Carol B. (2008). This Spot of Ground: Spiritual Baptists in Toronto. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  44. Eade, John & Sallnow, Michael J. (eds.) (1991a). Contesting the Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage. London: Routledge.
  45. --& --. (eds) (1991b). Introduction. In: John Eade and Michael J. Sallnow (eds.), Contesting the Sacred; The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage, pp. 1-29. London: Routledge.
  46. Eller, Cynthia (1993). Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America. New York: Crossroads.
  47. Fidele, Anna (2009). From Christian Religion to Feminist Spirituality: Mary Magdalene Pilgriamges to La Sainte- Baum, France, Culture and Religion, 10(3), pp. 243-61.
  48. Frey, Nancy Louise (1998). Pilgrim Stories: On and Off the Road to Santiago. Berkeley: university of California Press. Friends of Carhenge. (n.d.). Carhenge: The official website for Carhenge, located in Western Nebraska. [Online]. Retrieved on 20 January 2011 from: http://www.carhenge.com.
  49. Gaiman, Neil (2001). American Gods: A Novel. New York: HarperCollins.
  50. Gilmore, Lee (2005a). Embers, Dust and ashes: Pilgrimage and Healing at the Burning Man Festival. In: Jill Dubi- sch and Michael Winkleman (eds.), Pilgrimage and Healing, pp. 155-78. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.
  51. --. (2005b). Fires of the Heart: Ritual, Pilgrimage and Transformation at Burning Man. In: Lee Gilmore and Mark Van Proyen (eds.), AfterBurn: Reflections on Burning Man, pp. 43-64. Albuquerque: University of new Mexico Press.
  52. --. (2008). Of Ordeals and Operas: Reflexive Ritualizing at the Burning Man Festival. In: Grahm St. John (ed.), Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance, pp. 211-26. New York: Berghahn Books.
  53. --. (2010). Theater in a Crowded Fire: Ritual and Spirituality at Burning Man. Berkeley: University of California. Gladstone, David L. (2005). From Pilgrimage to Package Tour: Travel and Tourism in the Third World. New York: Routledge.
  54. Govier, Gordon (1999). Preparing for Pilgrims: Religious Rivalry Complicates Millennial Planning. Christianity Today, 14 June, p. 24.
  55. Griffin, Wendy (2005). Webs of Women: Feminist Spiritualities. In: Helen A. Berger (ed.), Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America, pp. 55-80. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  56. Grimes, Ronald L. (1990). Ritual Criticism: Case Studies in Its Practice, Essays on Its Theory. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
  57. Hackett, Rosalind I. J. (1992). New Age Trends in Nigeria: Ancestral and ⁄ or Alien Religion. In: James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (eds.), Perspectives on the New Age, pp. 215-31. Albany: SUNY.
  58. Hall, David D. (ed.) (1997). Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  59. Hanegraaf, Wouter J. (1998). New Age Religion and Western Culture. Albany: SUNY.
  60. Harrington, Melissa (2007). Paganism and the New Age. In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 435-52. Leiden: Brill.
  61. Heelas, Paul (1996). The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
  62. Hill-Smith, Connie (2009). Cyberpilgrimage: A Study of Authenticity, Presence and Meaning in Online Pilgrimage Experiences, Journal of Religion and Culture, 21(2). [Online]. Retrieved on 27 May 2010 from: http://www. usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art21%282%29-Cyberpilgrimage.html.
  63. Holderness, Graham (2009). Rome: Multiversal City: The Material and Immaterial in Religious Tourism, Crosscur- rents, 59(3), pp. 242-348.
  64. Ivakhiv, Adrian J. (2001). Claiming Sacred Ground: Pilgrims and Politics at Glastonbury and Sedona. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
  65. --. (2007). Power Trips: Making sacred Space through New Age Pilgrimage. In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 231-90. Leiden: Brill.
  66. Kaufman, Susanne K. (2008). Our Lady of Lourdes: Faith and Commerce at a Marian Shrine, Concilium, 4, pp. 116-25.
  67. Kemp, Daren & Lewis, James R. (eds.) (2007). Handbook of New Age. Leiden: Brill.
  68. King, Christine (1993). His Truth Goes marching On: Elvis Presley and the Pilgrimage to Graceland. In: Ian Reader and Tony Walter (eds.), Pilgrimage in Popular Culture, pp. 92-106. London: MacMillan.
  69. Lears, T. J. Jackson. (1994). Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America. New York: Basic Books. Lewis, James R. (1992). Approaches to the Study of the New Age Movement. In: James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (eds.), Perspectives on the New Age, pp. 1-12. Albany: SUNY.
  70. --. (ed.) (1996). Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  71. Lewis, J. Lowell (2008). Toward a Unified Theory of Cultural Performance: A Reconstructive Introduction to Victor Turner. In: Grahm St. John (ed.), Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance, pp. 41-58. New York: Berghahn Books.
  72. Liban, David (2005). Carhenge: Genius or Junk. dir. David Liban. Denver, USA: Tinyfist Films.
  73. Lincoln, Andrew T. (2004). Pilgrimage and the New Testament. In: Craig Bartholomew and Fred Hughs (eds.), Explorations in a Christian Theology of Pilgrimage, pp. 29-49. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  74. Llewellyn, J. E. (2001). Pilgrimage as a Bounded Entity: A Review Essay, Religious Studies Review, 27(1), pp. 39-46.
  75. Macioti, Maria T. (2002). Pilgrimages of Yesterday, Jubilees of Today. In: William H. Swatos Jr. and Luigi Tomasi (eds.), From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism: The Social and Cultural Economies of Piety, pp. 75-90. London: Praeger.
  76. MacWilliams, Mark W. (2002). Virtual Pilgrimage on the Internet, Religion, 32, pp. 315-35.
  77. --. (2004). Virtual Pilgrimage to Ireland's Croagh Patrick. In: Lorne Dawson and Douglas E. Cowan (eds.), Reli- gion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet, pp. 205-18. New York: Routledge.
  78. Margry, Peter Jan (ed.) (2008a). Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.
  79. --. (2008b). Secular Pilgrimage: A Contradiction in Terms? In: Peter Jan Margry (ed.), Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred, pp. 13-46. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.
  80. --. (2008c). The Pilgrimage to Jim Morrison's Grave at Pe ´re Lachase Cemetary: The Social Construction of Sacred Space. In: Peter Jan Margry (ed.), Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred, pp. 143-72. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.
  81. Martin-Hill, Dawn (2004). Women in Indigenous Traditions. In: Leona M. Anderson and Pamela Dickey Young (eds.), Women and Religious Traditions, pp. 137-59. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  82. Masuzawa, (2005). The Invention of World Religions, or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  83. Maxwell, Ian (2008). The Ritualization of Performance (Studies). In: Grahm St. John (ed.), Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance, pp. 59-75. New York: Berghahn Books.
  84. Michalowski, Raymond & Dubisch, Jill (2001). Run for the Wall: Remembering Vietnam on a Motorcycle Pilgrimage. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
  85. Morinis, Alan (1992). Introduction. In: Alan Morinis (ed.), Sacred Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage, pp. 1-30. London: Greenwood Press.
  86. Mullins, Mark R (1992). Japan's New Age and Neo-New Religions: Sociological Interpretations. In: James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (eds.), Perspectives on the New Age, pp. 247-70. Albany: SUNY.
  87. Nolan, Mary Lee & Nolan, Sidney (1989). Christian Pilgrimage in Modern Western Europe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  88. Orsi, Robert (2001). Snakes Alive: Resituating the Moral in the Study of Religion. In Elizabeth A. Castelli and Roseamond C. Rodman (eds.), Women, Gender, Religion: A Reader, pp. 98-118. New York: Palgrave.
  89. Pearson, Joanne (1998). Assumed Affinities: Wicca and the New Age. In: Joanne Pearson, Richard H. Roberts and Geoffrey Samuel (eds.), Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World, pp. 45-56. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  90. --, Roberts, Richard H. & Samuel, Geoffrey (eds.) (1998). Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  91. Peskowitz, Miriam (2001). Unweaving: A Response to Carol. P. Christ. In: Elizabeth A. Castelli and Roseamond C. Rodman (eds.), Women, Gender, Religion: A Reader, pp. 40-5. New York: Palgrave.
  92. Pike, Sarah M. (2001). Earthly Bodies and Magical Selves: Contemporary Pagans and the Search for Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  93. --. (2004). New Age and Neopagan Religions in America. New York: Columbia University Press.
  94. Poggi, Isotta (1992). Alternative Spirituality in Italy. In: James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton (eds.), Perspectives on the New Age, pp. 271-86. Albany: SUNY.
  95. Porter, Jennifer E. (2004). Pilgrimage and the IDIC Ethic: Exploring Star Trek Conventions as Pilgrimage. In: Ellen Badone and Sharon R. Roseman (eds.), Intersecting Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage and Tourism, pp. 160- 79. Urbana: University of Chicago Press.
  96. Possamai, Adam (2005). In Search of New Age Spiritualities. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  97. --. (2007). Producing and Consuming New Age Spirituality: The Cultic Milieu and the Network Paradigm. In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 151-66. Leiden: Brill.
  98. Post, P., Grimes, R. L., Nugteren, A., Pettersson, P. & Zondag, H. (2003). Disaster Ritual: Explorations of an Emerg- ing Ritual Repertoire. Leuven: Petters.
  99. Preston, James J. (1990). The Rediscovery of America: Pilgrimage in the Promised Land. In: Gisbert Rinschede and Surinder M. Bhardwaj (eds.), Pilgrimage in the United States, pp. 15-26. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
  100. Prohl, Inken (2007). The Spiritual World: Aspects of New Age in Japan. In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 359-78. Boston: Brill.
  101. Raj, Razaq & Morpeth, Nigel D. (eds.). (2007a). Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management: An International Perspective. Cambridge: CABI.
  102. --& --. (2007b). Introduction: Establishing Linkages between Religious Travel and Tourism. In: Razaq Raj and Nigel D. Morpeth (eds.), Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management: An International Perspective, pp. 1-14. Cambridge: CABI.
  103. Reader, Ian (1993). Introduction. In: Ian Reader and Tony Walter (eds.), Pilgrimage in Popular Culture, pp. 1-28. London: MacMillan.
  104. --& Walter, Tony (eds.) (1993). Pilgrimage in Popular Culture. London: MacMillan.
  105. Roof, Wade Clark (1993). A Generation of Seekers: The Spiritual Journeys of the Baby Boom Generation. New York: Harper Collins.
  106. --. (1999). Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  107. Rose, Mitch (2010). Pilgrims: an Ethnography of Sacredness, Cultural Geographies, 17(4), pp. 507-24.
  108. Rothstein, Mikel (2007). Hawaii in New Age Imaginations: A Case of Religious Inventions. In: Daren Kemp and James R. Lewis (eds.), Handbook of New Age, pp. 315-40. Leiden: Brill.
  109. Rountree, Kathryn (2002). Goddess Pilgrims as Tourists: Inscribing the Body Through Sacred Travel, Sociology of Religion, 63(4), pp. 475-96.
  110. Salmonsen, Jone (2002). Feminism: Ritual, Gender and Divinity among the Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco. New York: Routledge.
  111. Shapiro, Faydra (2008). To the Apple of God's Eye: Christian Zionist Travel to Israel, Journal of Contemporary Reli- gion, 23(3), pp. 307-20.
  112. Smith, Jonathon Z. (1982). Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  113. --. (1987). To Take Place: Towards a Theory of Ritual. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  114. Smith, Susan (1994). Sweating Indian Style: Conflicts over Native American Ritual. Dir. Susan Smith, California: USC.
  115. St. John, Grahm (2008). Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance: An Introduction. In: Grahm St. John (ed.), Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance, pp. 1-40. New York: Berghahn Books.
  116. Stoddard, Robert H. (1997). Defiing and Classifying Pilgrimages. In: Robert H. Stoddard and Alan Morinis (eds.), Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimage, pp. 41-60. Baton Rouge: Lousiana State University.
  117. Swatos, William H. Jr. (2002). New Canterbury Trails: Pilgrimage and Tourism in Anglican London. In: William H. Swatos Jr, and Luigi Tomasi (eds.), From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism: The Social and Cultural Economics of Piety, pp. 91-114. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  118. Taylor, Bron Raymond (1995). Resacralizing Earth: Environmental Paganism and the Restoration of Turtle Island. In: D. Chidester and E.T. Linenthal (eds.), American Sacred Space, pp. 97-151. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  119. --. (1997). Earthen Spirituality or Cultural Genocide?: Radical Environmentalism's Appropriation of Native American Spirituality, Religion, 27(2), pp. 183-215.
  120. --. (2001). Earth and Nature-Based Spirituality: From Earth First! and Bioregionalism to Scientific Paganism and the New Age, Religion, 31(3), pp. 225-45.
  121. --. (2009). Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  122. Taylor, Charles (2004). Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham: Duke University.
  123. Tomasi, Luigi (2002). Homo Viator: From Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism via the Journey. In: William H. Swatos Jr, and Luigi Tomasi (eds.), From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism: The Social and Cultural Economics of Piety, pp. 1-24. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  124. Tomlin, Graham (2004). Protestants and Pilgrimage. In: Craig Bartholomew and Fred Hughes (eds.), Explorations in a Christian Theology of Pilgrimage, pp. 110-25. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  125. Turnbull, Colin (1992). Postscript: Anthropology as Pilgrimage, Anthropologist as Pilgrim. In: Alan Morinis (eds.), Sacred Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage, pp. 257-74. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  126. Turner, Victor (1969). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago: Aldine.
  127. --. (1974). Dramas, Fields and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  128. --& Turner, Edith (1978). Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.
  129. Van Gennep, Arnold (1996). Territorial Passage and the Classification of Ritual. In: Ronald Grimes (ed.), Readings in Ritual Studies, pp. 529-35. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  130. Weber, Max (2002). The Protestant Ethic and ''The Spirit of Capitalism.'' Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells (trans.). New York: Penguin Books.
  131. Weibel, Deana L. (2005). Of Consciusness Changes and Fortified Faith: Creativist and Catholic Pilgrimage at French catholic Shrines. In: Jill Dubisch and Michael Winkleman (eds.), Pilgrimage and Healing, pp. 111-34. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.
  132. Winkleman, Michael & Dubisch, Jill (2005). Introduction: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage. In: Jill Dubisch and Michael Winkleman (eds.), Pilgrimage and Healing, pp. ix-xxxvi. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.
  133. Wuthnow, Robert & Offut, Stephen (2008). Transnational Religious Connections, Sociology of Religion, 69(20), pp. 209-32.
  134. York, Michael (2002). Contemporary Pagan Pilgrimages. In: William H. Swatos Jr, and Luigi Tomasi (eds.), From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism: The Social and Cultural Economics of Piety, pp. 137-58. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  135. Zwissler, Laurel (2007). Spiritual, But Religious: 'Spirituality' among Religiously Motivated Feminist Activists, Culture and Religion, 8(1), pp. 51-69.
  136. --. (2009). Ritual Actions: Feminist Spirituality in Anti-Globalization Protests. In: Chris Klassen (ed.), Feminist Spirituality: The Next Generation, pp. 159-77. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.