The earliest dated Cambodian inscription K. 557/600 from Angkor Borei, Cambodia: an English translation and commentary

References (87)

1. named] Juṅ Poñ 41 , her child (kon ku 1) 42 , a woman [named] Mānra 'Añ 43 , a woman [named] Plas 44 , 20 cows, religious females [are] givento the priest of the Kpoñ 45 , who keeps notes of saint days 46 , presents flowers, incense and perfume 47 ; one Ci 'Añ 48 , one Tāñ 49 ". The Eastern Part "{1} The slaves of the god (vraḥ kamratāṅ 'añ)… whom mratāṅ 50 Antār 51 bestowed 52 to the god (vraḥ kamratāṅ 'añ) Kamratāṅ Teṃ Kroṃ (Holy Lord of the tree Kroṃ) 53 : seven danc- ing girls 54 , eleven female singers, four female players on [musical instruments] viṇa, kañjaṅ, 55 and lāhv, {2} twenty two domestic servants 56 for the services in a sanctuary(?);
2. 57 slaves for rice-fields (sre), one hundred cows, twenty water buffaloes, seventeen rice- fields in Kantok 58 ; four rice-fields in Caṃrai 59 (or a rice-field measured four sanre in Caṃrai) 60 ; four rice-fields in Knar teṃ 61 (or a rice-field measured four sanre in Knar teṃ);
3. a rice-field on a pond with coconuts (or in Piṅ Tvaṅ[measured] ten sanre 62 ); two rice-fields in Pradul 63 (or a rice-field measured two sanre in Pradul); {3} two rice-fields in -l l aṃ 'añ 64 , and an orchard in 39 Daśamī is the Sanskrit word for 'ten' (Monier-Williams 1899: 472).
4. Koñ vraḥ probably means 'bent by a god' as koñ has meanings 'bent, twisted, knotted'. 41 The name juṅ poñ consists of the two words. The first means 'subject, dependent'. The second was discussed earlier (see above). 42 The gender of a child remains unknown (Jenner 1980: 8). 43 ku mān ra ʼañ means 'rich, wealthy', http://sealang.net/ok/, entry 'mān'. 44 Plas is a hapax but Jenner offers a meaning 'substitute' (http://sealang.net/ok/, Jenner 1981: 209). 45 The translation "religious females [are] givento the priest of the Kpoñ" follows Joseph Deth Thach and Denis Paillard (Deth Thach, Paillard 2011: 10).
5. According to Vickery, the priest of the Kpoñ is the "one who records holy days" (1998: 218). He follows Coedès. 47 I follow Vickery (Vickery 1998: 217) with a correction. He omits the verb oy and translates "kantai in cult ser- vice (pos) with the officiant of the kpoñ 1…" 48 Ci means 'young' whereas ci 'añ is a "court title for young men?" (http://sealang.net/ok/). But ci 'añ literally means 'my youth, my young man' because 'añ is the first person singular (cf. vraḥ kamratāṅ 'añ 'my divine lord, my God') 49 Tāñ is a 'title for woman of rank: lady, wife' or conjecturally 'a king's servant' (http://sealang.net/ok/). It is dif- ficult to say whether it concerns a man or a woman. It is also possible that the word tāñ relates to the previous words. As the inscription says ci 'añ tāñ 1, one may suppose a translation "one young man [named] Tāñ". 50 Jenner writes 'Lord' (1980: 9) or 'eminence' (1981: 237).
6. Antār is a hapax. Jenner once erroneously defined it as a slave-name (1981: 361). But it is equally possible that one should read "the lord of Antār". 52 saṃ paribhoga means 'to share the use of with (ai ta, daṅ, droṅ)' (http://sealang.net/ok/).
7. Cf. ge vraḥ saṃ paribhoga droṅ vraḥ kaṃmratāṅ ʼañ kaṃmratāṅ teṃ kroṃ voṃ saṃ droṅ samudrapura (K.137:3-4, Coedès 1942: 116), "The divinities shall share the use [thereof] with My Holy High Lord the high lord of the kroṃ tree, [but] not with Samudrapura".http://sealang.net/ok/.
8. Coedès righty points out that the third line of the eastern part mentions only six dancing girls (Coedès 1942: 23, n. 9). Their names are obviously female (see below). 55 The term kañjaṅ occurs in this inscription only, here and in the fourth line. 56 Caṃʼuk va paṃre kralā vraḥ means "Domestics: males for service in the sanctuary court"(?). Coedès leaves the term untranslated: "22 caṃʼuk va" (1942: 23). The inscription from Lonvek gives caṃʼuk ple le (K.137:17), `domestics [and] upper servants' (Coedès 1942: 116).
9. Only the sign '40' is read with certainty. But as the inscription further enumerates fifty seven names, Coedès translates "57".
10. Kantok is a hapax. Possibly it means a 'small granary' (http://sealang.net/ok/, referring to Saveros Pou). 59 Caṃrai is a hapax as a place-name. It means an 'ill omen or sinister'. 60 I follow Jenner (http://sealang.net/ok/).
11. Knar teṃ means 'log palisade, stockade' and knar means 'protective barrier, earthen embankment or rampart' (http://sealang.net/ok/).
12. Sre ai piṅ tvaṅ sanre 10 may be translated as follows: "ten rice-fields on a pond with coconuts". The word tvaṅ means 'coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae)'. 63 Pradul is a hapax.
13. Laṃ 'añ is a hapax.
14. Śivadāsa 94 , Toy bhāgya 95 , Kroṅ 96 , Ṅā 97 , Lābha 98 , La[…]u 99 , Santos 100 , Soc Tarka 101 , Ragāl 102 , Prāsāda 103 , Vrau 104 , Ta'ūṃ 105 , Krāñ 106 , Kcī 107 , Rapak 108 , Cmā 109 . The names of rice-fields workers 110 are: {6} Tvaḥ 111 , Tpaṅ 112 , Aras 113 , Caṃ'uk Vraḥ 114 , Tvin 115 , Toh 116 , Ty[…], […]āṅ, Crañ 117 , Knāy 118 , Cke 119 , Tvaṅ 120 , Kaṃpoñ 121 , Jyeṣṭhahvarmma 122 , Tvoc 123 , Daśamī 124 , 'Adās 125 , 91 Sa'uy means 'a stinker'. The name occurs in several pre-Angkorian inscriptions K. 28:3 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1942: 24);
15. K. 149:25 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1952: 28);
16. K. 357:19 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1954: 41);
17. K. 548:2 (578- 777
18. CE, Coedès 1942: 154), http://sealang.net/ok/.
19. Cke (chke) means a 'dog'.
20. Kañcan is a widespread name of an uncertain meaning. It occurs in the inscriptions K. 138:20 (620 CE, Coedès 1953: 18);
21. K. 149:11 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1952: 28);
22. K. 563:11 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1942: 198);
23. K. 155:9 (578- 777 CE, Coedès 1953: 64).
24. Skr. Śivadāsa literally means 'a slave of Shiva'. But the literal meaning does not necessarily imply a low social rank as a famous writer of the Gupta Age and the author of a play "The Recognition of Shakuntala" was Kālidāsa whose name means 'a slave or servant of the [goddess] Kali.' 95 Toy bhāgya means 'following one's destiny' (bhāgya < Skr. bhāga 'a part, share'). The person of this name in the K. 557/600 was a man because his name follows a male prefix va. The inscription K. 138 from Prasat Toč mentions a woman of the same name ku Toy Bhāgya (l. 28, Coedès 1953: 19). http://sealang.net/ok/. Interestingly, the name con- sists of an Old Khmer toy and a Sanskrit bhāgya at one and the same time. 96 Kroṅ means to 'weave into garlands'.
25. Ṅā means 'dear, beloved'. It occurs in the inscription from Prasat Pram Loven K. 8, line 2, as vā krov ṅā (578- 777 CE, Coedès 1942: 79).
26. Skr. Lābha denotes 'gain, profit, acquisition'.
27. Santos 'a spit' as a name occurs in the inscriptions K. 357:9 (578-677 CE, C VI:41);
28. K. 956:6 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1964: 128), http://sealang.net/ok/.
29. According to Jenner, Soc originates from Skr. śocya 'miserable' and tarka is from Skr. `conjecture, speculation, reasoning', so Soc Tarka may mean 'a wise Soc' (http://sealang.net/ok/). One may speculate that the name has a mean- ing 'source of knowledge'. 102 Ragāl means 'diminished, reduced'. 103 Prāsāda is a temple or sanctuary (< Skr. prāsāda 'id.').
30. Vrau means 'pretty, beautiful, handsome'. 105 The meaning of Ta'ūṃ is obscure. 106 Krāñ means 'disobedient'. 107 Kcī means 'immature, young'. 108 Rapak is a hapax. It supposedly means 'broken'. 109 Cmā means a 'cat'.
31. 'Naka sre is 'tiller of wet rice-fields, cultivator of wet rice, laborer in rice1ands' (Jenner 1981: 345).
32. Tvaḥ supposedly means 'separated, cut off (from home and family)' (http://sealang.net/ok/).
33. Tpaṅis a hapax. It supposedly means 'protector' (http://sealang.net/ok/). 113 'Aras means 'alive, living'.
34. Caṃ'ukVraḥ means 'a domestic servant of a god'. See the beginning of the line 2 on the eastern part of the in- scription K. 557/600. In the line 6, it is a personal name because it is preceded by a male prefix va and succeeded by a vertical sign or the number '1' after vraḥ. 115 Tvin "conjecturally [means] 'twisted, bent, deformed' " (http://sealang.net/ok/). 116 Toh means 'released, freed'. 117 Crañ means 'bristle' (?) (cf. http://sealang.net/ok/). 118 Knāy is a 'Device for scraping, grubbing' (http://sealang.net/ok/).
35. Another servant named Cke is mentioned in the line 5 of the inscription (see above). If these two Cke were one and the same man, he could be simultaneously a rice-field worker and a domestic servant. If this supposition is correct, Coedès' calculation of twenty two domestic servants and fifty seven rice-fields workers needs a revision. But it is likely that there were two men of the same name, like two Johns or Bills. 120 Tvaṅ means a coconut (see above).
36. While Jenner interprets Kaṃpoñ as 'one who is elder or of higher status' (http://sealang.net/ok/), I suppose here the name means 'a subject', literally 'one who is not a poñ' when kaṃ is a negative or prohibition marker. 122 Jyeṣṭhahvarmma is from Skr. jyeṣṭhavarman 'the best protector'. There was a poet of this name mentioned in the Śārṅgadhara-paddhati ("ThePath of the Poets/Cuckolds") LVIII: 1 (Monier-Williams 1899: 426). Jenner gives no meaning and believes the name is a hapax (http://sealang.net/ok/).
37. Tvoc means 'small, little'. The name occurs in another inscription from Angkor Borei Ka.57:4 (700-750 CE, Vong Sotheara, see http://sealang.net/ok/text.htm). This text also mentions the name 'Aras. It is worthy of note that the Phāñ 126 , Panlas 127 , [female workers 128 :] Cpoṅ 129 , Vnāk 130 , {7} 'Asaru 131 , Tacaṅ 132 , Tvāṅ 133 , Ta'āy 134 , Knur 135 , Mañjarī 136 , Tyor 137 , Yatey 138 , Yapan 139 , Śaṃṅkha 140 , Ya'ir 141 , Yaluṅ 142 , Raṅap 143 , Lahve 144 , Raṃnoc ta mān 145 , Klaṅ vroṅ 146 , Tyuṅ 147 , Tvuc 148 , {8} Ravā 149 , two girls (kon ku), Kañheṅ 150 and Men kan 151 , a female of poñ Vraḥ 'Añ 152 , Kpoñ 153 , Laṅgāy 154 , Syāṃ Po 155 , Taṃve Ru 156 , Vaḥ kloñ 157 , Aras 158 , Asaru 159 , Vaḥ Cī 160 , Putiḥ 161 , Mratāṅ 162 , Mratāṅ names Tvoc and 'Aras belong to men in the inscription К. 557/600 whereas the inscription Ka.57 speaks about women of the same name. 124 A worker of the same name occurs among the gifts of certain Jaṃ 'Añ in the line 2 of the northern part of the inscription K. 557/600 (see above). There are two possibilities: whether there were namesakes Daśamī or there was a single person of that name. In the latter case, one should explain why this Daśamī was once bestowed by Jaṃ 'Añ and twice by a certain mratāṅ Antār. One may even suppose that mratāṅ Antār and Jaṃ 'Añ were really one and the same person. Or might they both have had a right to transmit the workforce of kñuṃs to deities? 125 'Adās means an 'opponent'.
38. Phāñ means 'to show, point out'. As a personal name, it is a hapax.
39. Panlas means 'substitute, representative'; cf. early Jenner's "male substitute slave" (Jenner 1981: 182). 128 From then on follows a list of women-ku.
40. Cpoṅ means 'older, elder, senior'.
41. Vnāk denotes 'support or servant'. 131 'asaru means 'bad, evil, reprehensible'.
42. Tacaṅ also occurs in another inscription K. 424 B:7 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1942: 73) and possibly means 'divid- ed'. 133 Tvāṅ is a coconut (see above). The name was male and female, like Tvoc and Aras.
43. Ta'āy occurs in the inscriptions K. 24:11 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1942: 16);
44. K. 137:19 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1942: 115), and K. 149:7 (578-677 CE, Coedès 1952: 28).
45. Knur mean 'jackfruit' or 'unidentified disease of the scalp' (Jenner gives an incorrect Latin name for jackfruit Artocarpus integra instead of correct Artocarpus Heterophyllus (http://sealang.net/ok/). I suppose Knur may mean mu- tatis mutandis 'leprous'.
46. Skr. Mañjarī means 'a cluster of blossoms, flower; pearl'. 137 The meaning is unknown.
47. Ya denotes 'female creature' whereas tey denotes a tree Pandanus. The meaning of the name is unclear. Jenner simply says Yatey is a name of a female slave (1981: 239).
48. The meaning of Yapan is uncertain. Jenner interprets *pan as 'to pledge' (http://sealang.net/ok/). The word pan occurs in an undated inscription from Neak Ta Svay Damba in the Kandal Province К. 903 B.4 (Coedès 1954: 70) but its condition is poor and gives no clue to the meaning of the word. 140 Śaṃṅkha is a Sanskrit śaṅkha 'a shell' (Monier-Williams 1899: 1047).
49. The meaning of Ya'ir is unclear. Jenner (1981: 239) erroneously states that the name occurs in the inscriptions K. 138: 10 (620 CE), K. 54: 14 (629 CE), K. 109N: 22 (655 CE), K. 451S: 9 (680 CE) (see the texts of the inscriptions http://www.sealang.net/classic/khmer/). The word is omitted from the online dictionaries of Old Khmer (http://sealang.net/ok/, accessed 25 September 2018). The syllable ya may be a female honorific title adopted from Old Mon. 142 Yaluṅ literally means 'a big woman'. 143 Raṅap is a hapax. Perhaps, it means 'waning, dying'.
50. Jenner holds that Lahve may denote a member of a Mon-Khmer ethnic group from the Bolaven Plateau in Laos (Jenner 1981: 262; http://sealang.net/ok/). The place-name Bolaven literally means 'a country of Laven'. 145 Raṃnoc ta mān means 'actual extinction (http://sealang.net/ok/).
51. Klaṅ vroṅ means 'strongly brilliant or radiant'.
52. Tyuṅ literally means 'charcoal' that may be a denotation of one who has black skin like a charcoal. 148 Tvuc is the same as tvoc 'small, little'. 149 The meaning of Ravā is unclear. As rava it occurs in the inscription K. 904B: 4 (713 CE, Coedès 1952: 54). 150 Kañheṅ means 'high lady' (http://sealang.net/ok/).
53. Men kan probably means 'strong grip or stronghold'.
54. See Jenner 1981: 197. One may assume that there is a name Poñ Vraḥ 'Añ meaning 'a Lady of Gods'. 153 Kpoñ denotes 'elder or superior'. 154 Laṅgāy is a hapax of uncertain etymology. 155 Syāṃ po originates from Sanskrit śyāma 'black, dark-coloured' + Old Khmer po 'Lord'. According to Jenner, Syāṃ means 'a division of Thai people' (http://sealang.net/ok/ s.v. 'po' and 'syāṃ'). The name literally means 'a Black Lady'. 156 Taṃve ru means 'a good worker' (http://sealang.net/ok/ s.v. 'taṃve'). 157 Vaḥ kloñ means 'separated from her lord'. 158 Here Aras is a female name, cf. the line 6.
55. Putiḥ is an Austronesian word meaning 'white'. See, for example, Old Javanese putih (Zoetmulder 1982: 1465), Javanese putih (Robson, Wibisono 2002: 608), Cham patiḥ (Aymonier, Cabaton 1906: 259: 288; Moussay 1971: 268). 162 Here it is a name or sobriquet and not a title. 163 Mratāṅ jīva means 'the Lord of Life' (Skr. jīva 'life').
56. Vrau srac means 'beautifully made'. 165 'Aṃvai Ru means 'very vigilant or alert'. 166 That is Shiva.
57. Skr. Kandin denotes Amorphophallus campanulatus (Monier-Williams 1899: 249).
58. Skr. Nirākranda means 'having no friend or protector' (Monier-Williams 1899: 540).
59. The name Śivadāsa occurs among the names of domestic servants bestowed by mratāṅ Antār to the deity Kamratāṅ Teṃ Kroṃ (see above).
60. Skr. Haradāsa literally means 'a slave of the Destroyer, i.e. Shiva'.
61. Kñuṃ Vraḥ means 'a slave of the God'. 172 Kiṅkara is from Skr. kiṃkara 'a servant, slave' (Monier-Williams 1899: 283).
62. Skr. Puṇyāśraya means 'religious authority or pure resting-place'.
63. Skr. Mitradatta means 'given by the god Mitra'.
64. Skr. Dhara means 'holder, possessor; sword'.
65. Kantai kloñ mratāñ means 'a woman of the chief lord' (http://sealang.net/ok/). Vickery interprets the term kloñ as a certain female title and offers three versions of translation: "kantai of kloñ mratāñ [the officiant of the last named god] 1, loṅ añ 1, ku aras 1"; "female kloñ of the mratāñ" or "the female kloñ mratāñ 1, loṅ añ 1, ku aras 1" (1998:
66. Judging from his spelling of the words, he does not consider them personal names. But interestingly he pre- scribes titles to women who were bestowed to the god Maṇīśvara by the teacher Kandin (kñuṃ vraḥ maṇīśvara 'aṃnoy 'ācāryya kandin).
67. Loṅ 'añ means 'my high, outstanding, eminent'.
68. Coedès leaves the term untranslated: « esclaves femmes du Kloñ Mratāṅ, Loṅ Añ, Ku Aras » (Coedès 1942: 23). There is the third use of the name Aras in the inscription. 179 'Āṅ Vraḥ 'Añ presumably means 'My Reliable God' or 'a servant of my god'.
69. Jenner compares Dalā with the Khmer word thlā 'pure, perfect, precious' (http://sealang.net/ok/). So, Dalā 'añ means 'my precious'. Dalā also occurs in the inscription K. 904 B: 19-20: ku | dalā 1 'a woman [named] Dalā' (713 CE, Coedès 1952: 54). 181 Tpoñ may mean 'superior, of high status, senior'. 182 Lacak as a personal name or sobriquet is a hapax meaning 'a lame person'. 183 Judging from the eastern part of the inscription K. 557/600, Mratāṅ may be a personal name. 184 Jenner translates Tanmā Ru as 'fair endurance' (http://sealang.net/ok/).
70. Jenner compares the name with a Thai term for Lopburi ละโว้ [lawóo] (Jenner 1981: 261; http://sealang.net/ok/).
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