References (738)
Akkadian ..................................................................................................................Amharic ....................................................................................................................Arabic .......................................................................................................................Aramaic ....................................................................................................................Argobba ....................................................................................................................Batħari ......................................................................................................................Eblaite .......................................................................................................................Gafat .........................................................................................................................Ge'ez ........................................................................................................................Gurage ....................................................................................................................Ħadramitic ..............................................................................................................Harari ......................................................................................................................Ħarsusi ....................................................................................................................Hebrew ...................................................................................................................Hobyot ....................................................................................................................Jibbali .....................................................................................................................Mehri ......................................................................................................................Minaic .....................................................................................................................Phoenician, Punic ...................................................................................................Qatabanic ................................................................................................................Sabaic .....................................................................................................................Safaitic / Thamudic .................................................................................................Tigre .......................................................................................................................Tigrinya ..................................................................................................................Ugaritic ...................................................................................................................Egyptian .................................................................................................................reliable cognates [2] likely cognates [3] less likely cognates 8.0.1 Reliable Irregular Correspondences 8.4 [1] Akkadian /išittu/ "storehouse" (OB on.) (CAD I:243) → */s/ or */ɬ/ Ugaritic <ɑsm> "granary" (DUL 113) → */t ͡ s/ Hebrew /ʔɔsɔm/ "storehouse" (BHeb on.), /ʔsm/ "to gather" (EpigHeb) (HALOT 73- 74, DNSI 88) → */t ͡ s/ Aramaic /ʔɑssɔnɔ/ "granary" (JBA), /ʔsn/ "to gather" (Syr) (SL 35) → */t ͡ s/ or */ɬ/Mehri /ʕsm/ "to heap, pile" (ML 29) → */t ͡ s/ Jibbali /ʕsm/ "to heap, pile" (JL 16) → */t ͡ s/ Ħarsusi /ʕsm/ "to heap, pile" (ĦL 10) → */t ͡ s/ Akkadian /ḫɑšimu/ "storehouse" (MA) (CAD Ḫ:141) → */s/ or */ɬ/Sabaic <ʕs1m> "many, great quantity" (SD 20, SOW) → */s/ Minaic <ʕs₁m> "many, great quantity" (SOW) → */s/ Qatabanic <ʕs 1 m> "a number, a considerable amount" (LIQ 125) → */s/Akkadian /isiqtu/ "mark" (OB), /esēqu/ "to make a drawing, incise a relief" (SB, NB), perhaps also /isqu/ 116 "lot; share (portion of land or property)" (OB on.) (CAD E:331, I:197-198) → */t ͡ s/ Sabaic /ʕs 2 q/ "to dig a well, terrace" (SD 21) → */ɬ/ Qatabanic <ʕs 2 q> "excavation" (LIQ 126) → */ɬ/ Minaic <ʕs 2 q> "drilling" (DASI) → */ɬ/Hebrew /ʕśq/, later /ʕsq/ "to be engaged, occupied with" (BHeb hapax in Gen 26:20, RH on.) (HALOT 894, BY 4611) → */ɬ/ Aramaic /ʕsq/ "to bind; to be occupied with, attend to" (Syr, Gal, JBA, Targum, Man, Sam, Qum) (SL s/ Arabic /ʕʃq/ "to interweave" (MW 603) → */ɬ/ Ge'ez /ʕskʼ/, /ʕśkʼ/ "to weave" (CDG 73) → */ɬ/Jibbali /ʕɬkʼ/ "to put on a camel's girth and trot off" (JL 17) → */ɬ/ The irregular correspondence revolves around Old South Arabian as opposed to Akkadian. These roots are not necessarily connected, but the meanings "to dig" and 114 Although PS */ʔ/ may rarely correspond to Modern South Arabian /ʕ/, for example EYMhr, Bat, Jib, Soq, Hob /ʕmr/ "to say" (ML 25, CCG 63, JL 13, LS 315, CCG 136), cf. DRS (23-24) for West Semitic */ʔmr/ "to say".Unless it's a West Semitism, in which case it can also be a pharyngeal.Rarely /ešqu/ (CAD I:197).→ */s/ Neo-Punic <ʃbʕt> "oath" (LPP 312) → */s/ Aramaic /ʃbʕ/ "to swear an oath" (Gal, JBA, Man, Sam, Qum, Targum) (DM 447a) → */s/ Arabic /sbʕ/ "to curse" (Lane 1296); /sbʔ/ "to swear" (LA 1908) → */s/ or */t ͡ s/ Safaitic /sbʕ/ "to curse" (DSI 119) → */s/ or */t ͡ s/ Sabaic <s 1 bʕ> "to submit (to a leader); to bewitch" (SD 123, SOW) → */s/ Jibbali /sbʕ/ "to swear" (JL 221) → */t ͡ s/ Ge'ez /sbʕ/ "to bewitch" (CDG 483) The connection between the meanings "to swear" and "to bewitch" is logical, but even if the attestations in Sabaic and Ge'ez are ignored, there is a peculiar irregular correspondence here. The Jibbali word cannot be an Arabic loanword, as it has the original /ʕ/ which Arabic does not with this meaning. This root was extensively studied by Kottsieper (1990), who was the first to acknowledge the connection between many of these cognates. A connection with the numeral "seven" (see §4.11) is doubtful.58 [1] Akkadian /šɑbɑ̄bu/ "to roast, burn" (OB, SB) (CAD Š:2)Hebrew /ʃɔbib/ "spark" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1392) → */s/ Aramaic /ʃbibɔ/ "spark" (Bib, Targum, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 750) → */s/ Arabic /ʃbb/ "to burn, blaze" (Wehr 527) → */ɬ/ Mehri /ɬbb/ "to flare up (fire)" (ML 370) → */ɬ/ Jibbali /ɬbb/ "to flare up (fire)" (JL 244) → */ɬ/ Soqotri /j ɦ bb/, /ʃbb/ "to heat, blow (on fire)" (LS 410), /ʃeb/ "heat" (CCG 102) → */s/ Tigrinya /ʃbb/ "to scorch, burn" (TED 840)Aramaic /ʃwb/ "to heat, scorch" (Syr, JBA) (SL 761) → */s/ Arabic and Continental Modern South Arabian exhibit forms pointing to an original */ɬ/, while Hebrew and Aramaic point to an original */s/. Both a false cognate in Mehri and Jibbali and an Arabic loanword in Soqotri are possible. In Arabic, this root is usually connected with the identical root with the meaning "to be young" (Wehr 527, see Huehnergard 2022a:142, footnotes 24-25). Egyptian <sbꜣ> "star" (Faulkner 1991:219), which points to */s/ (see Cohen 1947:133 §259), may be a cognate of this word. Superficially similar Continental Modern South Arabian /hwb/ "to get warm" (ML 161, JL 99, ĦL 53, HV 200) is not to be connected with this root, but rather with Yemeni Arabic /hɑwb/ "heat of fire" (Lane 2966), Tigre /hɑːb/ "fire; heat" (WT 15).63 [1] Akkadian /šegû/ "to be rabid" (OB, SB) (CAD Š₂:260)HebrewGe'ez /zngˤ/ "to be mad; to rave, talk foolishly" (CDG 640, 649) → */dz ͡ /(!) /zngˤ/ "to be absent-minded, slow of intellect" (TED 2002) → */dz ͡ /(!) /snq/ "to torture" (Man) (DM 334) → */ɬ/ Arabic /ʃnq/ "to hang (on the gallows)" (Wehr 570) → */ɬ/ Mehri /ɬnkʼ/ "to hang" (ML 381) → */ɬ/ Jibbali /ɬnkʼ/ "to hang" (JL 253) → */ɬ/ Soqotri /ɬnkʼ/ "to hang" (LS 431) → */ɬ/ Hobyot /ɬnkʼ/ "to hang" (HV 157) → */ɬ/ Ħarsusi /ɬnkʼ/ "to hang" (ĦL 120) → */ɬ/Akkadian /sunnuqu/ "to fasten" (OA, OB on.) (CAD S:133) → */t ͡ s/ Tigrinya /ʃnk ͡ xʼ/ "to be tight, tied hard" (TED 847)Akkadian /tɑšnīqu/ "a disease (from which a person spits blood)" (SB) (CAD T:295)→ */ɬ/ If the Arabic word is an Aramaic loanword, the forms in Modern South Arabian must be false cognates. The first Akkadian lexeme cited is not necessarily related to the rest, and the second is likely an Aramaic loanword (Abraham and Sokoloff 2011:54). This root might be connected to No. 85 */s?nq/ "to manage food". Both are consistently spelled with <Š> signs in the Akkadian dialect of Carchemish (Huehnergard 1979:28). The Mandaic root /snq/ is believed by DM (334) to be borrowed from Akkadian, but so is the doublet with /ʃ/ (DM 471). The Hebrew word is attested only once in Sefer Harazim.→ */s/ Tigre /ʃɨnfɨllɑ/ "one of ruminants' four stomachs" (WT 221)Tigrinya /ʃɨnfɨllɑ/ "second stomach of ruminants" (TED 853)Amharic /ʃɨnfɨllɑ/ "second stomach of a ruminant" (AED 649)Gurage /ʃɨnfɨl/ (Gog, Sod), /ʃɨnfɨllɑ/ (Zay) "small stomach of ruminants" (EDG III:581) See SED 1:271, where Hebrew /ʃippule meʕɑjim/ "womb (lit. bottoms of the intestines)" (RH) (BY 7378) and Aramaic /ʃippulɔ/ "sexual parts, lower parts of abdomen" (Man) (DM 462) are also tentatively connected to this root, probably with some kind of contamination from Pan-Semitic */spl/ "down, bottom" ( §2.2.1.75). Cf. also Akkadian /šɑpūlu/ "upper or inner thigh" (OB, Bogh, SB) (CAD Š:492), which is not connected by SED to this root, but rather to Arabic /sɑfilɑ(t)/ "paws of camel" (QM 780).93 [1] Akkadian /sɑ̄qu/ "part of the body, lap?", /sīqu/ "thigh" (OAkk on.) (CAD S:169, 305) → */t ͡ s/ Ugaritic <ʃq> "thigh" (DUL 839) → */s/111 [1] Hebrew /ʃwq/, /ʃqq/ "to long for" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1448, 1647) → */s/ Aramaic <ʃwqʔ> "desire" (hapax in Gal, SOS Rabba 10:41 for SOS 8:10) (DJPA→ */s/ Arabic /ʃwq/ "to long for" (Wehr 577) → */ɬ/ Safaitic /ɬwq/ "to long for" (DSI 127) → */ɬ/ Mehri /ɬwkʼ/ "to long for" (ML 387) → */ɬ/ Jibbali /ɬwkʼ/ "to long for" (JL 257) → */ɬ/ Ħarsusi /ɬwkʼ/ "to long for" (ĦL 122) → */ɬ/ Ge'ez /sk w ʼk w ʼ/ "to covet" (CDG 510)Ge'ez /t ͡ sʼhkʼ/ "to desire, long for" (CDG 551) → */t ͡ sʼ/ 8.116 [1] Akkadian /suḫɑ̄tu/ "armpit" (OB, SB) (CAD S:347) → */t ͡ s/ /šɑḫɑ̄tu/ "side" (OB, OA on.) (CAD Š:81) → */s/ Eblaite <SA-ḪA-TUM>, <IŠ-ḪA-TUM> "side" (SED 1:240, Hajouz 2013:687) →*/s/ Hebrew /ʃɛħi/ "armpit" (RH on.) (BY 7019) → */s/ Aramaic /ʃħɔtɔ/ "armpit" (Syr, CPA) (SL 768) → */s/ Mehri /χoːt/ "armpit" (ML 396) → */s/ Batħari /χoːt/ "armpit" (CCG 53) → */s/ Jibbali /ʃχɔt/ "armpit" (JL 264) → */s/ Ħarsusi /meʃχɑwt/ "armpit" (ĦL 125) → */s/ Soqotri /ʃħoh/ "armpit" (Lonnet and Simeone-Senelle 1991:1476, CCG 92) 123 →*/s/ Hobyot /ʃχoːt/ "armpit" (HV 9) → */s/ difference between the forms in all languages except Aramaic makes this seem less likely. The different pharyngeal C₁ in Hebrew is notable. Could this root be connected to No. 5 /ʕs ? q/ "to carve, to dig"?8 [1] Aramaic /brħʃ/ "to crawl, creep" (Syr hapax) (SL 96) → */s/ Soqotri /brʔɬ/ "to get in motion" (LS 94, CSOL I:519)→ */ɬ/ The possible connection between these words is perplexing. Should the semantic and phonological similarity between these lexemes be dismissed as a coincidence? Is it possible that this lexeme is related to No. 49 */rχs?/ "to move"?Akkadian /bussurtu/ "unexpected tidings (usually good)" (OB, MA, SB, NA), /bussuru/ "to bring news pleasant to the listener" (MB Alalakh, SB, NA) (CAD B:346-347, Kogan and Krebernik 2020:976→ */ɬ/ Aramaic /bśr/, /bsr/ "to announce" (Qum, CPA, Gal, JBA) (DCPA 54) → */ɬ/ Arabic /bʃr/ "to announce" (Wehr 73) → */ɬ/ Sabaic /bs2r/ "to announce, bring news" (SD 33) → */ɬ/ Mehri /bɬr/ "to give good news" (ML 56) → */ɬ/ Jibbali /bɬr/ "to give good news" (JL 29) → */ɬ/ Ħarsusi /bɬr/ "to give good news" (ĦL 20) → */ɬ/ Soqotri /bɬr/ "to announce good news" (LS 99) → */ɬ/ Ge'ez /bsr/, /bśr/ "to announce good tidings" (CDG 110) → */ɬ/ Tigrinya /bsr/ "to bring good news" (TED 1139)Amharic /bsr/ "to be announced (good news)" (AED 897)Eblaite <BA-ZI-LUM> "message bringer?" (VE 201b) → */t ͡ s/ This root is well attested and thought to be autochthonous in Akkadian, but in light of the uniformity in West Semitic, in which all of the languages point to */ɬ/, a West Semitic loanword must not be ruled out. For more, see Kogan and Krebernik (2020:976). Another option is a diachronic shift in this root in (proto-) West Semitic. Soqotri /bʃr/ "to announce news" (LS 99) is certainly an Arabic loanword, as is Harari /biʃɑːrɑ/ "good news" (EDH 48). It is hard to determine whether the Tigre word is an Arabism as well. The Eblaite word is an uncertain interpretation of the text, see the discussion in Hajouz (2013:199). Goetze (1958) believes this Akkadian root is a rare example of correspondence of Akkadian */t ͡ s/ and West Semitic */ɬ/, along with the root */t ͡ sdr/ "to put in order" (see §2.2.3.41), connected by him to Hebrew /śderɔ(t)/ "row" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1310) of uncertain etymology. This Akkadian word is spelled exclusively with <S> signs in OB, which might point to a West Semitic loanword.15 [1] Hebrew /gʕʃ/ "to rumble, collapse" (BHeb on.→ */s/ Arabic /tˤʃʃ/ "to rain lightly" (Lane 1853), /tˤʃtˤʃ/ "to drip" (DYA 304) → */ɬ/ Mehri /tʼɑɬ/ "light rain, shower" (ML 412) → */ɬ/ Jibbali /tʼɛɬ/ "light rain, shower" (JL 280) → */ɬ/ Ħarsusi /tʼeɬ/ "light rain, shower" (ĦL 131) → */ɬ/ Batħari /təɬ/ "shower" (CCG 56) → */ɬ/ Tigrinya /tʼstʼs/ "to be drenched, soaked" (TED 2440)0.3 Doubtful Irregular Correspondences 8.1 [1] Akkadian /enēšu/ "to be weak" (OA, OB on.) (CAD E:166) → */s/ Hebrew /ʔɔnuʃ/ "weak, sickly" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 70) → */s/ Aramaic /nʃʃ/ "to be weak, feeble" (Syr, Gal, Sam), <mnʔʃ> (Syr) (SL 317, 450) → */s/ Ge'ez /nʔs/ "to be small, slight" (CDG 381) Tigrinya /nʔs/ "to be small, little" (TED 1336)Gurage /ʔns/ "to be small, little" (Cha, Enn, End, Gye, Sil, Wol, Zay, Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod) (EDG III:73) Ugaritic <ɑnʃt> "illness, weakness" (DUL 84) → */s/Soqotri /nɑʕseh/ "piece" (LS 269) → */t ͡ s/ Jibbali /nisʼɑn/ "little, tiny" (JL 193) → */t ͡ s/Hobyot /ʕiːnʃʼoːtə/ "little" (HV 266) → */s/ Arabic /nɑʕs/ "feebleness of mind and body" (LA 4473) An Arabic loanword in Modern South Arabian does not seem probable, due to the phonological and semantic differences between the lexemes. However, it is still required to prove the connection between the two different semantic concepts - "small" and "weak". If these two are indeed connected, it seems to be an irregular correspondence, but Soqotri /ʔenes/ "something small" (LS 68) is probably a mistake, as explained in detail in Naumkin and Kogan et al. (2013:68). An irregular correspondence is however possible by the interesting form in Jibbali, in which the sound [sʼ] may well be the historical coalescence of /ʔ/ and /s/. In Hobyot, the sound [ʃʼ] may be a similar coalescence of /ʃ/ with its preceding /ʔ/. It should be noted that Soqotri has a form /əntʼən/ "a little" (CSOL I:475) which is superficially similar. The Arabic form is more known for the meaning "drowsiness". It is possibly related despite the different laryngeal (and perhaps cf. Soqotri) though this may be speculative. The Aramaic forms either exhibit some sort of result of a C₁ ≈ C₂ metathesis like in Ethio-Semitic and Arabic or simply an elision of C₁. Aramaic /nss/ "to grow weak, become seriously ill" (Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 432) should perhaps be connected with Akkadian /nissɑtu/ "grief, worry, depression" (CAD N₂:274) and /nɑsɑ̄su/ "to wail, complain" (OB, SB) (CAD N₂:23) rather than to the root discussed here. Nöldeke (1875:XXX), on the other hand, connects Aramaic /nss/ with Greek. See also Faber (1984:200), where she connects this root to Amharic /mosse/ "small child who is too young to talk" (AED 201), Gurage /m w əsɑ/ (Cha, Enn, Gye), /m w əssɑ/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod), /mossɑ/ (Sod), /mosə/ (End) "calf" (EDG III:425), which Leslau (ibid) further links to Amharic /ʔɨmbossɑ/ "a very young calf" (AED 1129), Gurage /ʔɨmbossɑ/ (Sod) /ʔɨmbossə/ (Wol) /ʔimboːssɑ/ (Sil) "young calf" (EDG III:46). However, these connections seem much harder to corroborate. Egyptian 8 Irregular Correspondences 204 <nt j s> "little, small" (Faulkner 1991:145), connected to this root by Cohen (1947:93 §80) is very close semantically, but the forms are too distinct phonologically to establish a connection.2 [1] Akkadian /erēšu/ "to request" (OAkk on.) (CAD E:281)Eblaite <Ì-RÍ-SA-TUM> "desire" (VE 234) Ugaritic /ʔrʃ/ "to wish, to desire" (DUL 108)Hebrew /ʔrɛʃɛt/ "desire" (BHeb hapax in Ps 21:3) (HALOT 92) → */s/ Punic /ʔrʃ/ "to ask, request" (PPD 74)Arabic /wrʃ/ "to eagerly desire" (Lane 2987) → */ɬ/ As the Hebrew lexeme is a hapax, it should perhaps be suspected to either be a misunderstanding of the sibilant, allegedly supposed to be vocalized <ś> rather than <ʃ>, or, more likely, a loanword from Babylonian /erištu/ "wish, request" (OA, OB on.) (CAD E:298). Ugaritic <irʃt> "request" (DUL 109) may be a loanword, a calque, or a genuine cognate. The meaning in the Biblical verse (Ps 21:3) is clear from the parallelism to /tɑʔwɑt libbo/ "the desire of his heart". If the Hebrew word is indeed inherited and vocalized correctly, it exhibits an irregular correspondence with Arabic, as the Arabic form could not be a loanword from Aramaic, since this lexeme is unattested in Aramaic. Arabic also exhibits a glide C₁ as opposed to the glottal stop in the rest of the languages. An additional question is whether this root is somehow connected to */ʔrɬ/ "to betroth" (DRS 34) in Aramaic (Gal, CPA, Sam, Man) (DJPAand Hebrew (BHeb on.) (HALOT 91) 128 or, less likely, */ʕrs/ "to celebrate" in Arabic (Wehr 704) and Ugaritic (DUL 184). A possible cognate is Egyptian <ı͗ ꜣʃ> "to call, summon" (Faulkner 1991:9), which points to an original */ɬ/. Regarding further Eblaite words in VE (80, 577), see Hajouz (2013:45).10 [1] Hebrew /bosɛr/ "unripe fruit" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 141) → */t ͡ s/ Aramaic <bwsrʔ>, /besre/ "unripe grapes" (OffA, Targum, Syr) (CWT 1:104) → */t ͡ s/ Arabic /busr/ "unripe dates" (QM 129)Mehri /bəsəriːt/ "date" (ML 55) → */t ͡ s/ Jibbali /bəsirət/ "date" (JL 29) → */t ͡ s/ Soqotri /biʃreh/ "palm branch" (LS 99), /bəʃrɛ/ "a ripe date" (CSOL I:520) → */s/ Ħarsusi /beser/ "unripe dates" (ĦL 20) → */t ͡ s/ Only Soqotri exhibits the irregular correspondence, while the rest of Modern South Arabian complies with */t ͡ s/. Should this be ascribed to a rare process of palatalization in Soqotri or to the contact with the rhotic? Or is it a mere coincidence?11 [1] Aramaic /btˤʃ/ "to kick, stomp" (JBA, Man) (DJBA 198a) → */s/ Arabic /btˤʃ/ "to attack with violence" (Wehr 77) → */ɬ/ Ge'ez /btʼs/ "to break, cut off" (CDG 114)Jibbali /dħɬʼ/ "to slide; to slip" (JL 37). 131 To me, it seems likely that Arabic /dħʃ/ "to thrust in" exhibits this root with deemphasis of the third radical (see also Kogan 2011a:75-76).14 [1] Akkadian /gešû/ "to belch" (SB from 1M) (CAD G:64) → */ɬ/ or */s/ Hebrew /gsj/ "to belch" (twice in RH, Sifra Behar 3:2, Sifrey Deut 1:5) (BY 817) → */ɬ/ Aramaic /gsʔ/, /gsj/ "to belch" (Qum, CPA, Syr, Man) (SL 126) → */ɬ/ Arabic /d ͡ ʒʃʔ/ "to belch" (Wehr 150) → */ɬ/ Mehri /gɬw/ "to belch" (ML 126) → */ɬ/ Jibbali /gɬj/ "to belch" (JL 80) → */ɬ/ Ħarsusi /gɬw/ "to belch" (ĦL 42) → */ɬ/ Soqotri /gɬj/ "to belch" (CSOL I:547) → */ɬ/ Hobyot /d ͡ ʒɬj/ "to belch" (HV 7) → */ɬ/ Ge'ez /g w śʕ/ "to belch" (CDG 205) → */ɬ/ Tigrinya /g w sʕ/ "to belch" (TED 2283) Tigre /gsʕ/ "to belch" (WT 580) Amharic /gs/ "to belch" (AED 1954)Argobba /gs/ "to belch" (AD 203)Gurage /gs/ "to belch" (Cha, Gye, Zay, Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod, Sil, End, Enn) (EDG III:297)Harari /giziʔ ʔɑːʃɑ/ "to belch" (EDH 77)Hebrew /gʕʃ/ "to vomit loudly" (BHeb hapax in Jer 46:7) (HALOT 200) → */s/ Soqotri **/gʃʕ/ "to belch" (LS 117) → */s/ Although it appears only in SB from the 1ˢᵗ millennium, this root is well enough attested in Akkadian, and very well attested in Semitic in general. Seemingly, the only languages pointing to */s/ are Biblical Hebrew and Soqotri. In fact, HALOT connects this Biblical Hebrew word to Arabic */d ͡ ʒʕʃ/, probably referring to /d ͡ ʒʕs/ "to deposit excrement at once" (Lane 432), and metathesized /d ͡ ʒsʕ/ "to vomit" (QM 269). This suggestion is based on Greenfield (1958:205). This is likely to mean that this Hebrew word is from a different root, and indeed, Rabbinic Hebrew does not fail to give a true cognate to this verb in the exact meaning "to belch". Therefore, there is no irregular correspondence. See also Faber (1984:201). Soqotri /gʃʕ/ "to belch" (LS 117) is thought by CSOL (I:547) to be a misunderstanding of the same root meaning "to kill, to tear". The fact that Aramaic, Arabic, and Modern South Arabian exhibit a different C₃ (either a glottal or a semivowel) from the pharyngeal in Ethio-Semitic is perplexing. 131 There seems to be no connection to Mehri, Ħarsusi and Jibbali /tʼhs/ "to slip" (ML 408, ĦL 129, JL 275), Jibbali also /tʼħs/ (JL 276 under /tʼhsʼ/), Yemeni Arabic /t ʕ hz/, /t ʕ hs ʕ / "to slip" (DYA 309), but the superficial resemblence between the roots is interesting. Cf. Arabic /t ʕ hs/ "to enter the ground" (LA 2713), /tʕs/ "to fall" (Wehr 114), Aramaic /t ʕ ʕʃ/ "to stray" (Syr) (SL 285). See also DRS (248, 1059).Arabic /sbr/ "to examine, explore" (Wehr 458) → */t ͡ s/ Wagner (1966:108) dubs this Arabic word an Aramaic loanword and compares Arabic /ʃimr/ (No. 81) to this root instead. This may well be the case, but the meaning in Arabic is closer to the one in Hebrew than it is to the one in Aramaic. However, the fact that this verb is attested mostly in a medical context "to probe (a wound)", it is more likely to be borrowed according to Kogan and Krebernik (2020:977), which may label the Hebrew word borrowed too.→ */t ͡ s/ Phoenician /sgr/ "to lock up, imprison" (PPD 340) → */t ͡ s/ Aramaic /sgr/ "to shut" (Bib, Gal, CPA, Syr, Man, JBA) (SL 459) → */t ͡ s/ or */ɬ/Soqotri /ɬgr/ "to make a fence, to close" (LS 425) → */ɬ/ This word in Soqotri cannot be an Arabic false cognate, as this word is absent from Arabic with this exact meaning. However, it is likely to be connected to Ge'ez /śgr/ "to catch in a net" (CDG 527), Arabic /ʃd ͡ ʒr/ "to be intricately intermixed" (Lane 1516), and metathesized */ɬrg/ "to intertwine" ( §2.2.2.64) instead. A connection with */t ͡ skr/ "to shut" ( §2.2.3.47) is likely as well, as is one with Akkadian /šigɑru/, /sigɑru/ "neck stocks" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:408) from Sumerian. The connection with Egyptian <sgr> "to silence" (Faulkner 1991:252) is unknown.69 [1] Akkadian /šêlu/ "to sharpen" (OB?, MA, SB), /mešēltu/ "sharpened stone" (OB, MB, EA, SB) (CAD M₂:37, Š₂:275)→ */s/ or */ɬ/ Eblaite <SA-ʔÀ-LUM> "to sharpen" (VE 1135) → */s/ Arabic /sħl/ "to make smooth, to file" (Wehr 466) → */s/ or */t ͡ s/ Ge'ez /sħl/ "to sharpen" (CDG 493)Tigrinya /sħl/ "to file, sharpen, whet" (TED 641)Tigre /sħl/ "to whet, sharpen" (WT 170)Amharic /sl/ "to sharpen" /ʃwl/ "to be sharp, sharpened" (AED 440, 603)Argobba /shl/ "to sharpen", /ʃwl/ "to sharpen" (AD 219, 221)Gurage /sɑlɑ/ (Muh, Mes, Gog), /sɑrɑ/ (Cha, Ezh, Gye) "razor made locally", /sɨlət/ "sharp edge (of knife)" (Sod), /ʃl/ "to plane wood" (Mes, Wol, Sil) (EDG III:542, 544, 577)Mehri /sħl/ "to sharpen" (ML 345) → */t ͡ s/ Jibbali /sħl/ "to scratch, graind a knife" (JL 226) → */t ͡ s/ Ħarsusi /sħl/ "to grind a knife; to scratch" (ĦL 110) → */t ͡ s/128 [2] Akkadian /ḫɑštu/ "hole, pit" (MA, NB) (CAD Ḫ:→ */s/ Ugaritic /χʃt/ "sepulchre, mausoleum" (DUL 412) → */s/ Arabic /ħisj/ "ground in which water remains and collects" (Lane 573) Sabaic <ħs3j> "well, water point" (SD 72) → */t ͡ s/ Mehri /ħsj/ "to dig for water" (ML 189) → */t ͡ s/ Jibbali /ħsj/ "to dig for water" (JL 116) → */t ͡ s/ This word is not well attested in Akkadian, but from which language could have Akkadian borrowed this word? 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Constraints and Representation in Sub-Segmental Phonology. In: L. Lombardi (ed.), Segmental Phonology in Optimality Theory, pp. 46-78, Cambridge: Cambridge University.Akkadian /ɑbūsu/ "storehouse" (OB, Nuzi, MA, NA, SB) (CAD A:92) -2.2.3.1 /ɑsɑʔītu/ "tower (in a wall)" (MA, SB, NB) (CAD A 2 :332) -8.3 /ɑsɑ̄mu/ "to be fitting, proper" (OA, OB, MB, SB) (CAD A 2 :328) -2.2.3.56 /ɑsqubbītu/ "hump" (OB, SB, NB) (CAD A 2 :339) -8.94 /ɑšɑ̄šu/ "reed shelter used by waterfowl" (lex.) (CAD A 2 :422) -8.*/ʔws/ → /ɑ̂šu/ "to be nauseated" (SB) (CAD A 2 :477) -2.2.1.7 /bɑʔɑ̄šu/ "to smell bad, be of bad quality" (OB, OA, SB, NA, NB) (CAD B:4, ESAD) -2.2.1.10 /bɑšɑ̄lu/ "to boil; to ripen" (MB, MA, NB, NA) (CAD B:135) -2.2.1.12 /bɑzɑ̄ʔu/ or /bɑzɑ̄ḫu/ "to make (undue?) demands, to press" (OA, OB, Mari, EA) (CAD B:184) -2.3.3.2.1 /beʔēšu/ "to stir" (OA on.) (CAD B:185) -2.2.1.11*/bɬr/ "flesh" → /bišru/ "small child" (lex.) (?) (CAD B:270) -2.2.2.7 /bussuru/ "to bring news pleasant to the listener" (OB, MA, SB, NA) (CAD B:347) - 8.9 /būṣu/ "hyena" (SB) (CAD B:349) -2.3.3.2.2 /dɑgɑ̄lu/ "to look" (OA, OB on.) (CAD D:21) -8.3 /dɑrɑ̄su/ "to trample" (OA, OB on.) (CAD D:110) -8.12 /dɑššu/ "buck" (SB) (CAD D:120) (?) -2.2.1.94 /dɑ̂šu/ "to thresh" (OB on.) (CAD D:121) -2.2.1.19 /dišpu/ "honey" (OA, OB on.) (CAD D:161) -2.2.1.18 /duḫḫusu/ "to harass" (SB) (CAD D:171) -8.13 /duruššu/ "basis, base, foundation" (OB, MB, SB) (CAD D:198) -8.12, footnote 112 /emṣu/ "sour" (OB on.) (CAD E:152) -2.3.3.2.1 /enēšu/ "to be weak" (OA, OB on.) (CAD E:166) -8.1 /epēsu/ "to object" (OB on.) (CAD E:190) -2.2.3.4*/ħpɬ/ "to collect" → /epēšu/ "to act, proceed" (OA, OB on.) (?) (CAD E:192) - 2.2.2.10 /erēšu/ "to request" (OAkk on.) (CAD E:281) -8.2 /erištu/ "wish, request" (OA, OB on.) (CAD E:298) -8.2 /ērišu/ "(a person) asking favors; bridegroom" (Mari, SB) (CAD E:301) -8.2, footnote 153 /eršu/ "bed" (OB on.) (CAD E:315) -2.2.2.2 /esēpu/ "to gather up, to collect" (OB on.) (CAD E:330) -2.2.3.2 /esēqu/ "to make a drawing, incise a relief" (SB, NB) (CAD E:331) -8.5 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 258 /esēru/ "to shut in, enclose" (OB on.) (CAD E:334) -2.2.3.3 /esēru/ "to press for payment due, to put under pressure" (OA, OB on.) (CAD E:332) -2.2.3.13 /eṣēdu/ "to harvest" (OA on.) (CAD E:338) -2.3.3.2.1 /eṣēpu/ "to double, multiply" (OB, SB) (CAD E:345) -2.3.3.2.*/ʕɬb/ "herb" → /ešēbu/ "to grow luxuriantly" (MA, NA) (CAD E:352) -2.2.2.3 /ešēru/ "to straighten up" (OAkk on.) (CAD E:352) -2.2.1.24 /ešir/ "ten" (OB, SB) (CAD E:364) -2.2.2.4 /gɑrɑ̄šu/ "to come, go" (OAkk, OB) (CAD G:49) -2.2.1.13 /gešû/ "to belch" (SB) (CAD G:64) -8.14 /gišru/ "bridge" (NA, NB) (CAD G:107) -2.2.1.16*/χls/ "take away" → /ḫɑlɑ̄šu/ "to scrape off" (OB on.) (CAD Ḫ:40) -2.2.1.99 /ḫɑmsu/ "unjust" (MA) (AHw 318) -2.2.3.58 /ḫɑmɑ̄šu/ "to break (a reed)" (SB) (CAD Additions to Ḫ:151) -8.122 /ḫɑrɑ̄šu/ "to plant trees" (SB, NA) (CAD Ḫ:95) -8.125 /ḫɑšɑ̄bu/ "to count, reckon" (NB, NA) (CDA 110) (probably a loanword) (?) -2.1.100 /ḫɑmiš/ "five" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Ḫ:66) -2.2.1.100 /ḫɑrɑ̄su/ "itch, scratch" (lex.) (CAD Ḫ:92) -8.124 /ḫɑrsɑpnu/ "larva of an insect" (lex.) (CAD Ḫ:115) -8.127 /ḫɑsɑ̄pu/ "to pluck, remove" (SB, NA) (CAD Ḫ:122) -8.129 /ḫɑsɑ̄su/ "to think, to remember" (OAkk on.) (CAD Ḫ:122) -2.2.3.59 /ḫɑsīsu/ "ear" (OB on.) (CAD Ḫ:126) -2.2.3.61 /ḫɑšɑ̄lu/ "to crush" (MB, NB) (CAD Ḫ:137) -8.126 /ḫɑšimu/ "storehouse" (MA) (CAD Ḫ:141) (?) -8.4 /ḫɑššɑʔu/ "physical defect" (lex.) (CAD Ḫ:142) -2.2.2.83 /ḫɑštu/ "hole, pit" (MA, NB) (CAD Ḫ:143) -8.128 /ḫesēru/ "to blunt, chip, trim" (OB on.) (CAD Ḫ:176) -2.2.3.60 /ḫislu/ "weaned" (NB) (CAD Ḫ:201) -8.126 /ḫiššɑ̄nu/ "a thorny plant" (lex.) (CAD Ḫ:205) -8.130 /isiqtu/ "mark" (OB) (CAD I:197) -8.5 /isqu/, rarely /ešqu/ "lot; share (portion of land or property)" (OB on.) (CAD I:198) - 8.5, footnote 141 /išɑ̄tu/ "fire" (OB, OA on.) (CAD I:227) -2.2.1.4 /išdu/ "base, foundation; lower extremities" (OAkk on.) (CAD I:235) -2.2.1.83, 8.121 /išittu/ "storehouse" (OB on.) (CAD I:243) -8.4 /išku/ "testicle" (OB, SB) (CAD I:250) -2.2.1.3 /ištēn/ "one" (OA, OB on.) (CAD I:275) -2.2.1.8 /išû/ "to have, to own" (OAkk on.) (CAD I:289) -3.10 /iṣu/ "tree, wood" (OA, OB on.) (CAD I:214-215) -2.3.3.2.2 /kɑbɑ̄su/ "to tread" (OAkk on.) (CAD K:7) -8.21 /kɑbsu/ "young (male) sheep" (OB, NA) (CAD K:23, ESAD) -8.22 /kɑmɑ̄su/ "to squat, kneel" (OB, OA on.) (CAD K:117, ESAD) -8.23Akkadian 259 /kɑmɑ̄su/ "to gather" (OB on.) (CAD K:114) -8.24 /kɑnɑ̄šu/ "to gather" (NA) (AHw 436), /kɑnšu/ "work-team" (LB) (AHw 438) and /kiništu/ "religious staff" (NB, LB) (AHw 480) -8.24, footnote 147 /kɑnɑ̄šu/ "to submit, bow down" (OAkk on.) (CAD K:144) -8.23 /kɑršu/ "stomach, belly" (OA, OB, SB, NA) (CAD K:223) -2.2.2.12 /kɑsɑ̄mu/ "to cut down (trees)" (OB, SB) (CAD K:240) -8.28 /kɑspu/ "silver" (OAkk on.) (CAD K:245) -2.2.3.17 /kɑ̄su/ "goblet cup" (OA, OB on.) (CAD K:253) -2.2.3.14 /kɑsû/ "to arrest, to bind" (OA, OB on.) (CAD K:250) -8.29 /kɑšɑ̄ṭu/ "to cut down orchards; to cut off, interrupt" (OB on.) (CAD K:287) -2.2.14 /kɑšû/ "to cover over" (SB) (CAD K:294) -8.29 /kêsu/ "to carry off?" (OB hapax) (CAD K:314) (?) -8.26 /kibsu/ "floor" (OA, OB on.) (CAD K:336) -8.21 /killɑlɑ̄n/ "both" (OA, OB on.) (CAD K:353) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kislu/, /kɑslu/ "transverse process of the vertebra" (OB, SB, NA) (CAD K:425) - 2.2.3.16 /kišɑ̄dum/ "neck" (OAkk on.) (CAD K:446) -8.25 /kusītu/ "garment" (OA, MB, EA, Nuzi, SB, NB) (CAD K:585) -8.29 /lɑbɑ̄šu/ "to put on clothing, to clothe oneself" (OA, OB on.) (CAD L:17) -2.2.1.25 /lɑššu/, /lɑ̄šu/ "there isn't" (OA, OB, MB, Bogh, MA, SB, NA) (CAD L:108) -3.10 /lɑ̂šu/ "to taste, to lick" (lex.) (CAD L:111) -2.2.1.26 /lišɑ̄nu/ "tongue" (OAkk on.) (CAD L:209) -2.2.1.27 /luḫḫušu/ "to whisper" (OB, MB, SB) (CAD L:40) -2.2.1.29 /mɑdgɑltu/ "watchtower" (MA, NA) (CAD M:16) -8.3 /mɑlɑ̄šu/ "to pluck out" (SB) (CAD M:161) -2.2.1.30 /mɑrɑ̄su/ "to mix into a liquid" (SB) (CAD M:269) -2.2.3.18 /mɑsɑ̄ru/ "to withhold" (OA) (CAD M:322, ESAD) -8.33 /mɑšɑ̄ḫu/ "to measure" (MB, SB, NB) (CAD M:352) -2.2.1.34 /mɑšɑ̄ru/ "to drag" (OA, OB, SB) (CAD M:359) -8.33 /mɑšku/ "skin, leather" (OAkk on.) (CAD M:376) -8.32*/nsj/ → /mɑšû/ "to forget" (OA, OB on.) (CAD M:397) -2.2.1.37 /mesû/ "to wash, to clean" (OA, OB on.) (CAD M2:30) -8.31 /mešētu/, /mešītu/ "wall passage" (OA, OB, Bogh, RS) (AHw 648) -2.2.2.16 /mešrêtu/ "limbs" (OB, MB, SB, NB) (CAD M 2 :40) -8.98 /mêšu/ "to disregard" (OB on.) (CAD M 2 :41) -8.30 /nɑʔɑ̄su/ "to chew" (SB) (CAD N:8) -8.34 /nɑḫɑ̄su/ "to recede" (OB on.) (CAD N:128) -8.44 /nɑkɑ̄su/ "to cut, fell (OAkk on.) (CAD N:171) -4.12.1.3.3, 8.36 /nɑ̄kisu/ "butcher" (NA, NB) (CAD N:181) -8.36 /nɑkɑ̄šu/ "to set aside" (OA, OB, Mari, SB) (CAD N:180) -8.36 /nɑpɑlsuḫu/ "to fall to the ground; to squat" (OB, SB, NB) (CAD N:271) -8.46 /nɑpɑ̄šu/ "to comb and clean wool, to pluck apart" (OB, SB, NA) (CAD N:291) -Akkadian 261 /sɑdɑ̄du/ "to be provided with?" (SB, NB) (CDA 310) -2.2.3.40 /sɑdɑ̄ru/ "to do regularly" (OB, MB, SB, NB, NA) (CAD S:11) -2.2.3.41 /sɑḫɑ̄pu/ "to cover, spread over, overwhelm" (OB on.) (CAD S:30) -2.2.3.44 /sɑḫɑ̄ru/ "to turn, turn around" (OA, OB on.) (CAD S:37) -4.12.1.5.5 /sɑkɑ̄ku/ "to be clogged, stopped up" (MB, SB) (CAD S:68) -2.2.3.46 /sɑkɑ̄pu/ "to lie down" (OB on.) (CAD S:74) -8.73 /sɑkɑ̄tu/ "to be silent" (OB on.) (CAD S:74) -2.2.3.48 /sɑlɑ̄qu/ "to boil" (Mari, SB, NB, NA) (CAD S:92) -8.76 /sɑmɑ̄ne/ "eight" (OB on.), /šɑmɑ̄ne/ "eight" (OA on.) (CAD S:110) -3.11 /sɑmmūtu/ "fragrance" (SB) (CAD S:120) -8.80 /sɑnɑ̄qu/ "to check, supervise, control" (OA, OB on.) (CAD S:133) -8.85 /sɑpɑ̄du/ "to mourn" (MB, MA, SB) (CAD S:150) -2.2.3.52 /sɑpɑ̄ḫu/ "to scatter, disperse; to spread, stretch" (OA, OB on.) (CAD S:151) - 2.2.3.53 /sɑpɑ̄qu/ "to be sufficient" (SB, NA, LB) (CAD S:161, ESAD) -8.88 /sɑppɑrtu/ "tip of animal's horn" (SB) (CAD S:165) -8.90 /sɑqɑ̄lu/ "to take away" (SB) (CAD S:168) -8.95 /sɑ̄qu/ "part of the body, lap?" (OAkk on.) (CAD S:169) -8.93 /sɑrɑ̄mu/ "to cut" (Mari, MB, SB) (CAD S:172) -8.99 /sɑrɑ̄pu/ "to sip" (SB from NA period) (CAD S:172) -8.100 /sɑ̂ru/ "to whirl, circle" (OB on.) (CAD S:190) -2.2.3.45 /sɑtɑ̄lu/ "to plant" (SB from NA period) (CAD S:197) -8.103 /sêdu/ "to help" (NB, LB) (CAD S:206) -8.53 /sekēru/ "to dam up, close" (OA, OB on.) (CAD S:210) -2.2.3.47 /sekēru/ "to heat (in an oven)" (SB, NA) (CAD S:213) -8.96 /silītu/ "afterbirth" (OB, SB) (CAD S:264) -8.74 /sinibtu/, /siniptu/ "part of sheep's lung" (SB) (CAD S:285) -2.2.3.51 /sīqu/ "thigh, lap" (OAkk on.) (CAD S:305) -8.93 /suḫɑ̄tu/ "armpit" (OB, SB) (CAD S:347) -8.116 /sūnu/ "a piece of clothing or part thereof" (OA, OB on.) (CAD S:388) -8.51 /sunnuqu/ "to fasten" (OA, OB on.) (CAD S:133) -8.84 /sunqu/ "famine" (OA?, OB on.) (CAD S:384) -8.85 /sūtu/ "a measuring vessel" (OAkk on.) (CAD S:420) -2.2.3.37 /ṣɑbɑ̄tu/ "to seize" (OAkk on.) (CAD Ṣ:5) -4.12.1.3.4, 4.12.1.5.5 /ṣurrušu/ "to grow shoots, branches" (SB) (CAD Ṣ:209) -8.101 /šɑbɑ̄bu/ "to roast, burn" (OB, SB) (CAD Š:2) -8.58 /šɑbɑ̄ḫu/ "to settle (dust)" (SB) (CAD Š:3) -2.2.1.55 /šɑbbiṭu/ "staff" (SB) (CAD Š:10) -2.2.1.54 /šɑ̂bu/"to become old" (OA, OB, Mari, Bogh, EA, Nuzi, SB) (CAD Š:19) -2.2.2.50 /šɑdû/ "mountain" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š:49) -2.2.2.45 /šɑḫɑ̄du/ "to bestow" (OB hapax, likely a West Semitism) (CAD Š:75) -8.113 /šɑḫɑ̄ḫu/ "to crumble, dissolve, fall out" (OA, OB, Mari, SB, NA) -2.2.1.92 /šɑḫɑ̄tu/ "side" (OB, OA on.) (CAD Š:81) -8.116 /šɑḫɑ̄ṭu/ "to attack, raid" (OAkk, OB on.) (?) (CAD Š:88) -2.2.1.91 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 262 /šɑ̂ḫu/ "to grow (in size or age)" (SB) (CAD Š:106) -2.2.2.54 /šɑkɑ̄nu/ "to set s.t. in place" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š:116) -2.2.1.60, 4.12.1.3.4,12.1.5.5 /šɑkɑ̄ru/ "to become drunk" (SB, NA, NB) (CAD Š:157) -2.2.1.61 /šɑkɑ̄ṣu/ "to be wild, brutal" (OA, SB) (CAD Š:158, 193) -8.97 /šɑlɑ̄ḫu/ "to take out, tear off" (OA, EA, SB, NA) (CAD Š:193) -2.2.1.66 /šɑlɑ̄lu/ "to plunder, loot" (OAkk, OB on.) (CAD Š:196) -8.75 /šɑlɑ̄mu/ "health, welfare" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š:206) -2.2.1.63 /šɑlɑ̄š/ "three" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š:232) -3.11, 4.12.6.2 <SA-LI-IŠ-TIM> "three" (OAkk) (Hasselbach 2005:284) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 footnote 97 /šɑlɑ̄šɑ̄/ "thirty", /šɑlɑ̄šū/ "thirty.m", (OB, LB) (CAD Š:234, Streck 2021:64) -12.6.2 /šɑlɑ̄ṭu/ "to rule" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š:238) -2.2.1.64 /šɑ̂lu/ "to ask, question, inquire" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š:274) -2.2.1.49, 8.55*/ɬwj/ → /šɑmû/ "to roast" (OB, Mari, SB) (CAD Š:350) -2.2.2.77 /šɑttu/ "year" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š2:197) -2.2.1.71 /šɑnɑ̄ṣu/ "to scoff, sneer" (EA, SB) ← /šinṣu/ "mocking" (MB) (CAD Š:370, Š3:54) -8.82 /šɑnû/ "to become different, to change (intr.)" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š:403) -2.2.1.72 /šɑnû/ "strange, inimical, evil" (MB, SB, NB) -2.2.2.60 /šɑpɑ̄ku/ "to pour (water, oil)" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š:412) -2.2.1.74 /šɑpɑ̄pu/ "to walk" (SB) (CAD Š:427) -2.2.1.76 /šɑplu/ "low, lower" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š:468) -2.2.1.75 /šɑptu/ "lip" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š:483) -2.2.2.61 /šɑpû/ "to wrap, fasten with laces" (Bogh, SB) (CAD Š 490 : ) -8.92 /šɑpūlu/ "upper or inner thigh" (OB, Bogh, SB) (CAD Š:492) -8.87 /šɑqû/ "to give to drink; to irrigate" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:24) -2.2.1.77 /šɑrɑ̄ḫu/ "to become laden with glory, pride" (OB on.) (CAD Š₂:36) -2.2.2.71 /šɑrɑ̄ku/ "to dedicate; to make a donation" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:40) -2.2.2.65 /šɑrɑ̄mu/ "to break open, to cut, to prune" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₂:48) -8.99 /šɑrɑ̄pu/ "to light a fire, to burn" (OB on.) (CAD Š₂:50) -2.2.2.67 /šɑrɑ̄qu/ "to steal" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₂:53) -2.2.1.81Akkadian 263 /šɑrɑ̄qu/ "to cook (or dry) meat" (MB) (CAD Š₂:57) -2.2.2.68 /šɑrɑ̄ṭu/ "to tear, to shred" (OB, Mari, MA, SB, NB) (CAD Š₂:59) -2.2.2.70 /šɑrru/ "king" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:76) -2.2.2.69 /šɑ̄rtu/ "hair" (OA, OB) (CAD Š₂:125) -2.2.2.38 /šɑ̄ru/ "wind" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:133) -8.56 /šɑsû/ "to shout" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:147) -4.12.1.3.5, 4.12.1.5.5 /šɑššɑ̄ru/ "saw" (OA, OB, Mari, Bogh, SB, NB) (CAD Š₂:174) -8.40, footnote 120*/ɬdq/ "to split" → /šɑtɑ̄qu/ "to split" (OB, Mari, MA, SB) (CAD Š₂:193) -2.2.2.44 /šɑtû/ "to drink" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₂:207) -2.2.1.84 /šɑtû/ "to weave" (OB, Mari, SB) (CAD Š₂:217) -2.2.1.85 /šɑṭɑ̄ru/ "to write" (OAkk, OB on.) (CAD Š₂:225) -2.2.1.87 /šɑṭɑ̄ṭu/ "to tear open, slit apart" (SB) (CAD Š₂:241) -2.2.2.75 /šɑ̂ṭu/ "to pull, to drag; to exert oneself" (SB) (CAD Š₂:242) -8.112 /šebû/ "to become sated (with food)" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:251) -2.2.2.40 /šegû/ "to be rabid" (OB, SB) (CAD Š₂:260) -8.63 /šeḫēqu/ "to sneeze?" (SB) (CAD Š2:263) -8.67 /šêlu/ "to sharpen" (OB?, MA, SB) (CAD Š₂:275) -8.69 /šēmu/ "fat" (SB) (CAD Š₂:287) -2.2.2.48 /šemû/ "to hear" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:277) -2.2.1.68 /šēnu/ "sandal, shoe" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₂:289) -8.51 /šēpu/ "foot" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:294) -2.2.2.52 /šerʔɑ̄nu/ "sinew" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₂:308) -8.98 /šēru/ "dawn", (OB on.), /šērtum/ "morning" (OB, Mari, MB, RS, Nuzi, MA, SB, NA) (CAD Š₂:321-322) -2.2.1.56, 8.117 /šēru/ "song" (Mari, RS, SB, NB) (CAD Š₂:335) -2.2.1.58 /sediš/, /šeššet/ "six" (OB on.) (CAD Š₂:337, Streck 2022:435) -3.11 /šêtu/ "to remain; to leave (tr.)" (OAkk, OA, OB, MB, SB) (CAD Š₂:341) -2.2.1.59 /šeṭû/ "to spread out, lay out" (SB, NB) (CAD Š₂:343) -2.2.1.88 /šeʔû/ "to search" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:355) -8.54 /šigɑru/ "part of a lock; neck stocks" (Sumerian loanword?) (OAkk on.) CAD Š₂:408) -8.66 /šikɑru/ "beer" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₂:420) -2.2.1.61 /šimtu/ "mark" (OAkk(?) on.) (CAD Š₃:9) -2.2.1.96, 8.109 /šinɑ̄/ "two.m" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₃:32) -4.12.6.2 /šinnu/ "tooth" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₃:48) -2.2.1.73 /šipɑ̄tu/ "wool" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₃:57) -2.2.2.37 /šīru/ "flesh; meat" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₃:113) -8.52 /šubɑbītu/ "an insect" (SB) (CAD Š₃:168) -8.59 /šuburru/ "buttocks" (OB on.) (CAD Š₃:190) -2.2.2.43 /šubultu/ "ear of barley" (OB, SB) (CAD Š₃:187) -2.2.1.52 /šugguru/ "to cheat, lie" (OB, SB) (CAD Š₃:198) -8.65 /šumēlu/ "left side" (OB on.) (CAD Š₃:267) -2.2.2.58 /šummɑ/ "if" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₃:275) -3.5 /šumu/ "name" (OAkk on.) (CAD Š₃:284) -2.2.1.67 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 264 /šūlu/ "cough" (SB) (CAD Š₃:259) -8.55 /šuqɑllulu/ "to be suspended, to hang loose; to suspend, hang" (OA(?), OB, SB, NA) (CAD Š₃:330) -2.2.1.78 /šuqɑmmumu/ "to fall silent" (OB, Bogh, MA, SB) (CAD Š₃:332) -footnote 47 /šurrû/ "to begin" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₃:358) -2.2.1.80 /šuršu/ "root" (OAkk, OB on.) (CAD Š₃:363) -3.11 /šūru/ (OA, Nuzi, SB), /šuḫru/ (Akkadogram in Hittite) "adjective used to describe textiles and hides" (CAD Š₃:368) -8.70 /šutɑ̄pu/ "partner" (OAkk, MB, Nuzi, SB, NB) (CAD Š₃:397) (Sumerian?) -2.2.1.86*/wsn/ "to sleep" → /šuttu/, pl. /šunɑ̄tu/ "dream" (OA, OB on.) (CAD Š₃:405) -2.1.97 /šu'u/, /šû/ "sheep" (OB on.) (CAD Š₃:417) -2.2.2.49 /tɑšnīqu/ "a disease (from which a person spits blood)" (SB) (CAD T:295) -8.84 /tiše/ "nine" (OA, OB on.) (CAD T:432) -2.2.1.94 /tuššu/ "slander, malicious talk" (OB, Bogh, RS, SB) (ESAD, AHw 1374) -8.119 /ṭišṭišu/ "sediment" (MA) (CAD Ṭ:114) -8.119 /uršu/ "pimple or hemorrhoid" (SB) (CAD U:252) -8.124 /uššu/ "foundation" (OAkk on.) (CAD U:304) (Sumerian?) -2.2.1.5 /wêšum/ "to relinquish, to be left to oneself(?)" (OA, OB) (CDA 438) -2.2.2.82Amharic /ʔɨmbossɑ/ "a very young calf" (AED 1129) -8.1 /ʔns/ "to be less" (AED 1211) -*/drs ? / → /təndərəssəs-/ "to creep along slowly" (ADE 1742) -8.12 /dɑtʼ-/ "to trample" (AED 1838) -8.13 /dos-/ "to break or crash one's way through" (AED 1762) -2.2.1.19 /fəllɑ-/ "to boil" (AED 2260) -3.Arabic 265 /ləbbəs-/ "to wear" (AED 78) -2.2.1.25, 4.12.5.1 /mosse/ "small child who is too young to talk" (AED 201) -8.1 /nəsənnəs-/ "to wave fly-whisks, to flick the tail (horse)" (AED 1024) -8.41 /səffɑ-/ "to sew, sew up" (AED 594) -8.92 /sɨkkʼ ʔɑl-/ "to have hiccups" (AED 504) -8.67 /sɑl-/ "to cough" (AED 441) -8.55 /sɑl-/ "to sharpen" (AED 440) -8.69 /səmmər-/ "to be well prepared or arranged" (AED 469) -8.81 /sənnəkʼ-/ "to take, prepare or pack provisions" (AED 536) -8.85 /sənnəkʼ/ "to hiccup" (AED 536) -8.84 /seɲo/ "second" (AED 560) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /ʃɨffɨtɑ/ "globules of fat on the surface of milk being churned indicating that butter is beginning to form" (AED 666) -8.114 /ʃəmmor-/ "to waken, rouse" (AED 611) -8.81 /təʃmorəmmor-/ "to arrange the hair with care" (AED 612) -8.81 /ʃəməttʼətʼ-/ "to strip off (fruit, kernels or leaves by running a branch or stalk between the forefinger and thumb)" (AED 616) -8.83 /ʃɨnfɨllɑ/ "second stomach of a ruminant" (AED 649) -8.87 /ʃɑr-/ "to annul" (AED 618) -2.2.1.80 /ʃərrəm-/ "to punish, scold" (AED 619) -8.99 /ʃəʃʃ-/ "to flee, run away" (AED 626) -4.12.5.2, 8.102 /ʃol-/ "to be sharp, sharpened" (AED 603) -8.69 /t ͡ sʼikkʼ ʔɑl-/ "to spit", /t ͡ ʃʼɨkkʼ ʔɑl-/, /tʼikkʼ ʔɑl-/ "to spit between clenched teeth" (AED, 2129, 2220, 2251) -8.67, footnote 123 /wɨstʼ/ "interior" (AED 1524) -2.2.1.98Arabic /ʔið/, /ʔiðɑ/, /ʔiðɑn/ "then" (Wehr 13) -3.9 /ʔin/ "if" (Wehr 37) -3.5 /ʔins/ "man, mankind" (Wehr 39) -2.2.1.2 /ʔɑːsijɑ(t)/ "pillar" (MW 18) -8.3 /ʔiskɑtɑːni/ "the two sides of the vulva" (Lane 59) -2.2.1.3 /ʔɑssɑl-/ "to sharpen" (Wehr 21) -8.69 /(ʔi)sm/ "name" (Wehr 498) -2.2.1, 4.12.6.1 /ʔɑsɑr-/ "to bind, fetter" (Wehr 19) -2.2.3.3 /(ʔi)st/ "anus, anal orifice" (Wehr 462) -2.2.1.83 /ʔuss/ "remains of ashes" (Lane 56), /ʔɑniːsɑ(t)/, /mɑʔnuːsɑ(t)/ "fire" (LA 150) (?) - 2.2.1.4 /ʔɑssɑs-/ "to found, establish" (Wehr 18) -2.2.1.5 /ʔɑʃʃɑr-/ "to saw" (Wehr 22) -8.40 /ʔɑːs-/ PC /-ʔuːs-/ "to give, to compensate" (LA 170) -2.2.1.6 /ʔɑːs/ "pouring drops of date-honey from a date on a stone" (LA 170) -2.2.1.7 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 266 /ʕidˤɑ(t)/, /ʕidˤɑːh/ "certain trees" (Lane 2076) -2.3.3.2.2 /(ʔi)stɑʕdˤɑd-/ "to gather (fruit); to cut off and gather from a tree" (Lane 2124) -/(ʔi)ʕtɑfɑs-/ "to wrestle", /ʕɑfɑs-/ "to pull to the ground" (LA 3013) -2.2.3.4 /ʕɑːʃ-/ PC /-ʕiːʃ-/ "to live, be alive" (Wehr 775) -2.2.2.1 /ˤɑrrɑs-/ "to marry" (Najd), /ʔɑʕrɑs-/ "to arrange a wedding feast" (Wehr 704) -8.2 /ʕɑrʃ/ "throne" (?) (Wehr 704) -2.2.2.2 /ʕɑsɑb-/ PC /-ʕsib-/ "to lend a she-camel" (Lane 2093) -2.2.3.5 /ʕɑsqɑbɑ(t)/ "stagnant tears" (TA 3:371) -8.94 /ʕuʃb/ "(green) grass, herbage" (Wehr 718) -2.2.2.3 /ʕiʃq/ "love, passion" (Wehr 719) -8.6 /ʕɑʃʃɑq-/ "to interweave" (MW 603) -8.5 /ʕɑʃr/ "ten.f", /ʕɑʃɑrɑ(t)/ "ten.m" (Wehr 718) -2.2.2.4 /ʕɑːʃɑr-/ "to be on intimate terms, associate with one another, live together" (Wehr 718) -2.2.2.5 /ʕuʃʃ/ "nest", /ʕuʃʃɑ(t)/ "hut" (Wehr 718) -8.7 /ʕɑtˤɑs-/ PC /-ʕtˤis-/, /-ʕtˤus-/ "to sneeze" (Wehr 725) -2.2.1.9 /ʕɑzɑq-/ PC /-ʕziq-/ "to hoe, dig up" (Wehr 714) -8.5 /bɑʔis-/ "to be miserable, wretched" (Wehr 50) -2.2.1.10 /bɑdˤɑʕ-/ PC /-bdˤɑʕ-/ "to cut, slash" (Wehr 76) -2.3.3.2.1 /bidˤɑːʕɑ(t)/ "goods, merchandise" (Wehr 76) -2.*/pstʼ/ → /bɑsɑtˤ-/ PC /-bsutˤ-/ "to spread" (Wehr 71) -2.2.1.43 /bɑsˤur-/, /bɑsˤir-/ "to look, see" (Wehr 75) -8.3 /bɑʃɑːm/ "good smelling plant" (QM 134) -2.2.2.6 /bɑʃʃɑr-/ "to announce" (Wehr 73) -8.9 /bɑʃɑr/ "man, human being" (Wehr 74) -2.2.2.7 /bɑʃɑrɑ(t)/ "skin" (Wehr 74) -8.52 /bɑtˤɑʃ-/ PC /-btˤiʃ-/, /-btˤuʃ/ "to attack with violence" (Wehr 77) -8.11 /bɑzɑʁ-/ PC /-bzuʁ-/ "to break forth, to dawn (day), to rise (sun)" (Wehr 70) - 2.3.3.2.1, footnote 14 /dibs/ "syrup, molasses" (Wehr 313) -2.2.1.18 /dɑħɑs-/ "to fill, to put in; to trample" (LA 1334), "to destroy, trample, press" (Omani: CDG 128, Yemeni: DYA 144, Maghrebi, Egyptian: DRS 247) -8.13 /dɑħɑʃ-/ PC /-dħɑʃ-/ "to thrust in" (Wehr 315) -8.13 /dɑllɑs-/ "to cheat" (Wehr 335) -2.2.3.7 /dɑmɑs-/ PC /-dmus-/ "to hide, conceal; to bury" (Wehr 337) -2.2.3.8 /dɑss-/ PC /-duss-/ "to slip, shove, insert; to bury" (Wehr 324) -2.2.3.9 /dɑːs-/ PC /-duːs-/ "to tread" (Wehr 348) -2.2.1.19 /dˤɑʔn/ "sheep" (Wehr 624) -1.1 /dˤɑʕʕɑf-/ "to fold, multiply" (Wehr 633) -2.3.3.2.2Arabic 267 /dˤɑb(u) ʕ/ "hyena" (Wehr 625) -2.3.3.2.2 /dˤirs/ "molar tooth" (Wehr 632) -2.2.1.93 /d ͡ ʒɑʔɑʃ-/ /-d ͡ ʒʔɑʃ-/ "to be agitated" (Wehr 131) -8.15 /d ͡ ʒɑjʃ/ "army" (Wehr 178) -2.2.2.8 /d ͡ ʒɑrɑʃ-/ PC /-d ͡ ʒruʃ-/ "to crush; to grind" (Wehr 143) -2.2.2.9 /d ͡ ʒism/ "body" (Wehr 149) -2.2.1.15 /d ͡ ʒisr/ "bridge" (Wehr 149) -2.2.1.16 /d ͡ ʒɑss-/ PC /-d ͡ ʒuss-/ "to touch" (Wehr 148) -2.2.1.17 /d ͡ ʒɑʃʃɑʔ-/, /ʔɑd ͡ ʒʃɑʔ-/ "to belch" (Wehr 150) -8.14 /ðɑnɑb/ "tail" (Wehr 361) -1.1 /ðɑχɑr-/ PC /-ðχɑr-/ "to store" (Wehr 355) -4.12.6.1 /fɑðˤuʕ-/ "to be ugly, horrible" (Wehr 843) -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 14 /fɑħɑs-/ PC /-fħɑs-/ "to rub the ears off a particular species of barley" (?) (Lane 2399) -2.2.3.26 /fɑqɑr-/ PC /-fqur-/, /-fqir-/ "to pierce, bore" (Wehr 846, Lane 2480) -footnote 144 /fɑqur-/ "to be or become poor", /(ʔi)ftɑqɑr-/ "to be in need" (Wehr 846, Lane 2480) -footnote 144 /fɑrɑs/ "horse; knight (chess)" (Wehr 825) -2.2.1.41 /fɑrɑs-/ PC /-fris-/ "to kill, tear (a prey)" (Wehr 825) -2.2.3.28 /fɑrɑʃ-/ PC /-fruʃ-/ "to spread" (Wehr 825) -2.2.2.25 /fɑrʃɑħɑt/ "to kneel (female camel)" (LA 3385) -8.46 /fɑsɑd-/ PC /-fsid-/, /-fsud-/ "to be bad" (Wehr 834) -2.2.3.29 /fɑssɑr-/ "to explain" (Wehr 835) -2.2.1.42 /fɑsɑχ-/ PC /-fsɑχ-/ "to dislocate, sever" (Wehr 834) -2.2.3.31 /fɑʃil-/ "to fail" (Wehr 836) -2.2.2.26 /fɑʃɑw-/ "to spread" (Wehr 836) -2.2.2.27 /ʁɑmudˤ-/, /ʁɑmɑdˤ-/ PC /-ʁmudˤ-/ "to close (eye)" (Wehr 801) -3.3 /hiːʃ/ "thicket" (Wehr 1223) -8.19 /hɑrɑs-/ PC /-hrus-/ "to crush, pound" (Wehr 1202) -2.2.3.10 /hɑʃiːm/ "dry stalks, chaff" (Wehr 1206) -8.17 /hɑwb/ "heat of fire" (Yem) (Lane 2966) -8.58 /ħɑbɑs-/ PC /-ħbis-/ "to obstruct, withhold; to tie up" (Wehr 180) -2.2.1.20 /ħɑrʃɑf/ "younglings" (LA 835) -8.127 /ħubʃijjɑ(t)/ "black-boned sort of ant" (LA 754) -8.18 /ħɑfɑʃ-/ PC /-ħfiʃ-/ "to gather (intr.)" (LA 928) -2.2.2.10 /ħɑfɑʃ-/ PC /-ħfiʃ/ "to peel" (QM 381) -8.129*/ħls/ "weak" → /ħils/ "addicted" (?) (Wehr 235) -2.2.1.21 /ħmdˤ/ "to be or become sour" (Wehr 240) -2.3.3.2.1 /ħɑnɑʃ/ "snake" (Wehr 244) -8.35 /ħɑnɑʃ/ "hunted animals" (Lane 656) -8.35, footnote 115 /ħɑrrɑʃ-/ "to sow discord" (Wehr 197) -8.20 /ħɑrɑʃ-/ PC /-ħriʃ-/ "to scratch" (Wehr 197) -8.124 /ħirʃ/, /ħurʃ/ "forest" (Wehr 197) -8.125 /ħɑsɑb-/ PC /-ħsub-/ "to calculate" (Wehr 205) -2.2.1.100 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 268 /ħɑsɑf-/ PC /-ħsif-/ "to peel" (LA 874) -8.129 /ħisj/ "ground in which water remains and collects" (Lane 573) -8.128 /ħɑsɑm-/ PC /-ħsim-/ "to cut; put a stop or end" (Wehr 207) -2.2.3.11 /ħɑsun-/ "to be beautiful, good, proper" (Wehr 208) -1.2.4.12 /ħɑsˤɑd-/ PC /-ħsˤid-/, /-ħsˤud-/ "to harvest, reap" (Wehr 211) -2.3.3.2.*/ɬɑbħ/ "fat" → /ħɑwʃɑb/ "lean; big-bellied, swollen in the belly or the sides" (Lane 577)? -2.2.2.42 /ħɑːʃɑ/ "except, save; God forbid, far be it" (Wehr 211) -2.2.2.11 /ħɑʃɑl-/ "to reject, discard" (QM 367) -8.126, footnote 139, see also /χʃl/ /ħɑʃɑm-/ "to be respectful" (AEV 137) -4.2 /ħɑʃiːʃ/ "herbs, grass" (Wehr 209) -8.130 /ħɑwɑr/ "whiteness; intense whiteness of the white of the eye and intense blackness of the black thereof" (Lane 669) (see DRS 850) 8.70 /jɑbis-/ "to be dry" (Wehr 1294) -2.2.1.23 /jɑsir-/ "to level, smoothen" (Wehr 1296) -2.2.1.24 /kɑʔs/ "cup" (Wehr 945) -2.2.3.14 /kɑbɑs-/ PC /-kbis-/ "to exert pressure, to tread" (Wehr 949), "to massage" (Yem) (DYL 424) -8.21 /kɑbʃ/ "sheep" (Wehr 950) -8.22 /tɑkɑddɑs-/ "to move the shoulder joints" (Lane 2597) -8.25 /kilɑː/ "both.nom" (Wehr 977) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kumuːs/ "sulking" (QM 1434) -8.23, footnote 113 /kɑjmuːsijjɑ(t)/ "a need of food" (LA 3929, Lane 2631) (?) -8.23, footnote 113 /kɑrsɑm-/ "to chew" (QM 1408) -8.27 /kirʃ/ "stomach; belly" (Wehr 961) -2.2.2.12 /kɑsɑʔ-/ "to pursue, follow" (Lane 2666) -2.2.3.15 /kɑsɑf-/ PC /-ksif-/ "to be dark, eclipsed" (?) (Wehr 969) -2.2.3.17 /kɑsɑħ-/ "to clean out, empty" (Wehr 967) -8.26 /kɑsɑj-/, /kɑsɑw-/ "to clothe" (Wehr 969) -8.29 /kɑʃɑħ-/ "to drive away" (Wehr 970) -8.26 /kɑʃɑm-/ PC /-kʃim-/ "to eat violently" (LA 3884) -8.27 /kɑʃɑm-/ PC /-kʃim-/ (LA 3884) -8.28 /kɑʃɑtˤ-/ PC /-kʃitˤ-/ "to take off, pull off" (Wehr 970) -2.2.2.14 /kɑwsɑlɑ(t)/ "head of the penis" (LA 3878) -2.2.3.16 /lɑbis-/ "to put on, wear" (Wehr 1003) -2.2.1.25 /lɑħis-/ "to lick" (Wehr 1008) -2.2.1.26 /lisɑːn/ "tongue, language" (Wehr 1016) -2.2.1.27 /lɑtˤɑs-/ PC /-ltˤus/ "to strike, hit" (Wehr 1017) -2.2.1.28 /lɑjs-/, /lɑs-/ "not to be" (Wehr 1039) -3.10 /mɑʔs/ "whoever disregards one's advice" (LA 4120) -8.30 /mɑħɑʃ-/ "to scratch (skin)" (LA 4144) -2.2.2.15 /mɑlis-/, /mɑlus-/ "to be smooth" (Wehr 1080) -2.2.1.30 /mɑsɑħ-/ "to rub, clean" (Wehr 1064) -2.2.1.31 /mɑsɑħ-/ "to survey" (Wehr 1064) -2.2.1.34Arabic 269 /mɑsɑk-/ PC /-msuk-/, /-msik-/ "to grab, hold" (Wehr 1065) -2.2.1.32 /mɑsk/ "skin, especially that of a female kid or lamb" (LA 4202) -8.32 /mɑrɑs-/ PC /-mrus-/ "to soak (in water)" (Wehr 1059) -2.2.3.18 /mɑsɑr-/ PC /-msur-/ "to take s.t. out of a tight spot, to lead, to drag" (LA 4200) - 8.33 /mɑss-/ PC /-mɑss-/ "to feel, to touch" (Wehr 1063) -2.2.1.33 /tɑmɑʃʃuʕ/, /tɑmʃiʕ/ "cleansing" (LA 4210) -8.31 /mɑʃɑj-/, "to go on foot, walk" (Wehr 1068) -2.2.2.16 /nɑʕs/ "feebleness" (LA 4473) -8.1 /nɑʕʕɑʃ-/, /ʔɑnʕɑʃ/ "to revive, animate" (Wehr 1149) -2.2.2.17 /nɑd ͡ ʒɑːʃij/ "Negus (title of the former emperors of Ethiopia)" (Wehr 1109) -/nɑfɑʃ-/ PC /-nfɑʃ-/ "to go at night without a pastor" (Lane 2830) -8.39 /nɑfɑʃ/ "wool" (Wehr 1156) -2.2.2.19 /nɑhɑʃ-/ PC /-nhiʃ-/ "to bite" (Wehr 1177) -8.34 /nuħɑːs/ "copper" (Wehr 1111) -2.2.1.35 /nɑkɑs-/ PC /-nkus-/ "to reverse" (Wehr 1171) -8.44 /nɑkɑʃ-/ PC /-nkiʃ-/, /-nkɑʃ-/ "to rake up" (Wehr 1171) -8.36 /nɑqɑʃ-/ PC /-nquʃ-/ "to carve out, chisel" (Wehr 1162) -2.2.2.20 /(ʔi)ntɑqɑʃ-/ "to slap" (LA 4523) -8.37 /nɑsɑʕ-/ "to walk" (QM 1605) -2.2.3.20 /nɑsɑd ͡ ʒ-/ PC /-nsud ͡ ʒ/, /-nsid ͡ ʒ-/ "to weave, to follow" (Wehr 1127) -2.2.3.21, 8.38 /nɑsij-/ "to forget" (Wehr 1130) -2.2.1.37 /nɑsɑq-/ PC /-nsuq-/, /nɑssɑq-/ "to string, put in proper order, arrange" (Wehr 1129) -2.2.3.23 /nɑsr/ "eagle, vulture" (Wehr 1128) -2.2.1.39 /nɑsɑχ-/"to delete, abolish, withdraw" (Wehr 1128) -2.2.3.25 /nɑʃɑʔ-/ "to rise, grow out" (Wehr 1131) -2.2.2.21 /nɑʃnɑʃ-/ "to shake (a container) and scatter its content" (QM 1610) -8.41 /nɑʃɑr-/ PC /-nʃur-/ "to spread" (Wehr 1132) -2.2.2.24 /nɑʃɑr-/ PC /-nʃur-/ "to saw apart" (Wehr 1132) -8.40 /nɑʃʃ-/ PC /-niʃʃ-/ "to sizzle, simmer, bubble" (Wehr 1130) -8.41 /nɑtɑʃ-/ PC /-ntiʃ-/ "to pluck out" (Wehr 1106) -8.42 /nɑtˤiːʃ/ "strong movement" (LA 4460) -8.43 /qɑjðˤ/ "heat of the summer" (Wehr 942) -1.1 /qɑllɑs-/ "to make fun of s.o., ridicule" (Wehr 920) -2.2.3.32 /tɑqɑmmɑʃ-/ "to eat what one found" (Lane 2563) -8.27 /qɑsɑm-/ PC /-qsim-/ "to divide" (Wehr 893) -2.2.3.33 /qɑsɑw-/ "to be harsh" (Wehr 894) -2.2.1.44 /qɑʃɑr-/ PC /-qʃir-/, /-qʃur-/; /qɑʃʃɑr-/ "to peel" (Wehr 895) -2.2.2.30 /qɑʃqɑʃ-/ "to cure (someone of scabies or smallpox)" (Wehr 896) -2.2.2.16 /qɑʃʃ/ "straw" (Wehr 894) -8.47 /qɑws/ "bow, arch" (Wehr 931) (derived from the plural /ʔɑqwɑːs/?) -2.2.1.45 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 270 /rɑʔs/ "head" (Wehr 367) -2.2.1.46 /rɑʕɑʃ-/ PC /-rʕɑʃ-/ "to tremble" (Wehr 400) -8.48 /rɑd ͡ ʒːɑːs/ "roaring, surging (sea); thundering" (Wehr 378) -2.2.1.47 /rɑfɑs-/ PC /-rfis-/, /-rfus-/ "to kick" (Wehr 404) -2.2.3.36 /rɑssɑˤɑt/ "to be bad, sick (eye)" (?) (LA 1642) -2.2.1.48 /rɑʃɑd-/ PC /-rʃud-/ "to be on the right way" (Wehr 395) -2.2.2.32 /tɑrɑʃʃɑf-/, /(ʔi)rtɑʃɑf-/ "to sip" (Wehr 396) -8.100 /rɑʃɑħ-/ PC /-rʃɑħ-/ "to sweat; to leak" (Wehr 394) -2.2.2.35 /rɑʃɑn-/ PC /-rʃun-/ "to kindle (fire)" (DYA 182) -2.2.2.33 /rɑʃʃ-/ PC /-ruʃʃ-/ "to spatter, splash (a liquid), to spray" (Wehr 394) -2.2.2.34 /tɑrɑχχɑʃ-/ "to move" (QM 628) -8.49 /sɑʔɑb-/ PC /-sʔɑb-/ "to be satisfied with drinking a beverage" (?) (Lane 1281) - 8.50 /sɑʔɑl-/ PC /-sʔɑl-/ "to ask, inquire, request" (Wehr 455) -2.2.1.49 /sɑʕid-/, /suʕid-/ "to be happy" /sɑːʕɑd-/ "to help" (Wehr 478) -8.53 /sɑʕɑj-/ "to endeavor" (Wehr 480) -8.54 /sɑʕɑl-/ PC /-sʕul-/ "to cough" (Wehr 480) -8.55 /suʕr/ "madness, frenzy" (Wehr 479) -8.56 /sɑbɑʔ-/ PC /-sbɑʔ-/ "to buy wine" (Wehr 1296) -2.2.3.38 /sɑbɑʔ-/ "to swear (falsely)" (LA 1908, Lane 1296) -8.57 /sɑbɑʕ-/ "to assail with foul language" (Lane 1306) -8.57 /sɑbɑħ-/ "to praise, glorify" (Wehr 457) -2.2.1.50 /sɑbɑj-/ "to take prisoner, capture" (Wehr 461) -2.2.1.51 /sɑbɑl/ "ears (of cereals) (Wehr 461) -2.2.1.52 /sunbul/ "ear, spike (of grain)" (Wehr 506) -2.2.1.52 /sɑbɑq-/ PC /-sbiq-/, /-sbuq-/ "to be, act before or ahead" (Wehr 459) -2.2.1.53 /sɑbɑr-/ PC /-sbir-/, /-sbur-/ "to examine, explore" (Wehr 458) -8.62 /sɑbɑr-/ PC /-sbir-/, /-sbur-/ "to measure" (Wehr 458) -8.89 /sɑbɑχ-/ PC /-sbuχ-/ "to be sound asleep" (Wehr 457) -2.2.1.55 /sɑdd-/ PC /-sudd-/ "to fulfill, satisfy" (Wehr 468) -2.2.3.40 /sɑːdis/ "sixth" (Wehr 470) -3.11, 4.12.6.1 /sɑd ͡ ʒɑd-/ PC /-sd ͡ ʒud-/ "to bow, bow down" (Wehr 462) -2.2.3.42 /ʔɑsɑff-/ "to descend, stoop" (Wehr 480) -2.2.1.76 /sɑfɑk-/ PC /-sfik-/, /-sfuk-/ "to shed (blood)" (Wehr 482) -2.2.1.74 /sɑfɑl-/ PC /-sful-/; /sɑfil-/ "to be low, below" (Wehr 482) -2.2.1.75 /sɑfilɑ(t)/ "paws of camel" (QM 780) -8.87*/gsm/ → /sɑd ͡ ʒɑm-/ PC /-sd ͡ ʒum-/ "to flow"; /sɑd ͡ ʒɑm-/ PC /-sd ͡ ʒum-/, /-sd ͡ ʒim-/ "to pour" (Wehr 464) -2.2.1.15 /sɑħɑb-/ "to drag along" (Wehr 464) -2.2.3.43 /sɑħfɑ(t)/ "A piece of fat" (Lane 1318) -8.114 /sɑħuːf/ "a bucket that takes and bears away the water that is in a well" (Lane 1328) -2.2.3.44 /sɑħħ-/ PC /-suħħ-/ /-siħħ-/ "to flow down" (Wehr 464) -2.2.1.92 /sɑħɑl-/ "to make smooth" (Wehr 466) -8.69Arabic 271 /sɑħɑr/ "early morning, dawn" (Wehr 465) -2.2.1.56, 8.117 /sɑħɑt-/ "to destroy" (Lane 1324) -2.2.1.57 /sɑħɑtˤ-/ "to slaughter" (LA 1954) -2.2.1.91 /sɑːr/ PC /-siːr-/ "to set out, leave" (Wehr 521) -2.2.3.45 /sɑkk-/ PC /-sukk-/ "to lock, bolt" (Wehr 485) -2.2.3.46 /sɑkɑn-/ PC /-skun-/ "to live, dwell" (Wehr 487) -2.2.1.60 /sɑkkɑr-/ "to shut, close" (Wehr 486) -2.2.3.47 /sɑkir-/ "to be drunk" (Wehr 486) -2.2.1.61 /sɑkɑt-/ PC /-skut-/ "to be silent" (Wehr 486) -2.2.3.48 /sɑlɑf-/ PC /-sluf-/ "to be over, past" (Wehr 493) -2.2.3.49 /sɑlɑ/ "afterbirth" (Lane 1418) -8.74 /sɑlɑːm/ "peace" (Wehr 496) -1.1, 2.2.1.63 /sɑllɑ(t)/ "basket" (Wehr 489) -1.1 /sɑlɑq-/ PC /-sluq-/ "to boil" (Wehr 494) -8.76 /sɑllɑtˤ-/ "to give power or mastery" (Wehr 492) -2.2.1.64 /sɑllɑj-/ "to comfort, cheer up; delight" (Wehr 498) -2.2.1.65 /sɑlwɑ/ "quail" (Wehr 498) -8.77 /sɑlɑχ-/ PC /-slɑχ/, /-sluχ-/ "to pull off, strip off" (Wehr 491) -2.2.1.66 /sɑmɑːʔ/ "heaven, sky" (Wehr 504) -2.2.1.69 /sɑmiʕ-/ "to hear" (Wehr 501) -2.2.1.68 /mismɑʕ/ "ear" (Wehr 502) -4.12.4.2, footnote 94 /sɑmm/ "poison" (Wehr 499) -8.78 /sɑːmm ʔɑbrɑsˤ/ "kind of lizard" (lit. "leporous poisonous") (Lane 1430) -8.79 /sɑmin-/ "to be fat" (Wehr 503) -2.2.1.70 /sɑnɑ(t)/ "year" (Wehr 505) -2.2.1.71 /sɑnbɑːʔ/ "buttocks" (Wehr 2111) (?) -2.2.3.51 /sɑniq-/ "to be heavily satiated" (LA 2119) -8.85 /sinn/ "tooth" (Wehr 505) -2.2.1.73 /sɑːq/ "thigh" (Wehr 516) -8.93 /sɑqf/ "roof, ceiling" (Wehr 484) -2.2.1.79 /sɑqɑj-/ "to give to drink" (Wehr 485) -2.2.1.77 /sɑqɑr-/ PC /-squr-/ "to be sun-scorched" (Lane 1379) -8.96 /sɑrɑd-/ PC /-srud-/ "to set forth neatly" (Wehr 473) -2.2.3.41 /sɑrɑj-/ "to set out, go out" (Wehr 476) -2.2.1.80 /sɑrɑq-/ PC /-sriq-/ "to steal" (Wehr 475) -2.2.1.81 /surrɑ(t)/ "navel" (Wehr 471) -2.2.1.82 /sɑtɑj-/ "to set or dispose the warp of the garment (said of a weaver)" (Lane 1316) - 2.2.1.85 /sɑtɑr-/ PC /-stur-/, /-stir-/ "to cover, hide" (Wehr 462) -2.2.3.54 /sitt/ "six.f" (Wehr 362) -3.11, 4.12.6.1 /sɑtˤɑħ-/ PC /-stˤɑħ-/ "to spread, level" (Wehr 477) -2.2.1.87 /sɑtˤɑr-/ PC /-stˤur-/ "to write" (Wehr 477) -2.2.1.88 /sɑχɑw-/, /sɑχij-/, /sɑχuw-/ "to be generous" (Wehr 468) -footnote 40 /sɑːʔ-/ PC /-suːʔ-/ "to be bad, evil, foul" (Wehr 511) -2.2.1.89 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 272 /sɑːm-/ PC /-suːm-/ "to sell" (Wehr 518) -8.108 /sɑwtˤ/ "whip" (Wehr 515) -2.2.1.90 /sɑwtˤ/ "a place where water collects" (Lane 1467) -8.119, footnote 136 /miswɑtˤ/ "stick or similar implement used for stirring" (Wehr 515) -8.112 /sˤɑwm/ "a fast" (Wehr 621) -1.*/sχw/ "to sink, bend" → /sɑχɑw-/ "to be generous" (Wehr 468), "to stop moving" (LA 1967) -2.2.1.92 /sɑχχ-/ "to dig a well" (LA 1962) -2.2.1.92 /ʃuʔbuːb/ "downpour, shower" (Wehr 525) -8.50 /ʃɑʔm/ "the Northern region, the North" (Wehr 525) -2.2.2.58 /ʃɑʕʕɑb-/ "to branch, to branch out" (Wehr 552) -2.2.2.36 /ʃɑʕɑfɑ(t)/ "hair on the top of the head, top" (LA 2280) -2.2.2.37 /ʃɑʕr/ "hair" (Wehr 553) -1.1, 2.2.2.38 /ʃɑʕiːr/ "barley" (Wehr 553) -2.2.2.39 /ʃɑbiʕ-/ "to satisfy one's appetite" (Wehr 528) -2.2.2.40 /ʃɑbb-/ PC /-ʃibb-/ "to burn, blaze" (Wehr 527) -8.58 /ʃɑːbɑh-/ "to resemble" (Wehr 530) -2.2.2.41 /ʃɑbɑk-/ PC /-ʃbik-/ "to entwine" (Wehr 528) -8.60 /ʔɑʃbɑl-/ "to take care", /ʃibl/ "cub" (Wehr 529) -8.61 /ʃɑbr/, /ʃibr/ "size, height" (LA 2184) (? see SED I:262) -2.2.2.43 /ʃɑbbuːr/ "trumpet" (Wehr 528) -8.90 /ʃɑbwɑ(t)/ "scorpion" (Lane 1501) -8.59 /ʃɑðˤɑf/ "discomfort, hardship" (Wehr 551) -8.107 /ʔɑʃd ͡ ʒɑʕ/ "mad (man or animal)" (LA 2200) -8.63 /ʃɑd ͡ ʒɑr-/ "to be intricately intermixed" (Lane 1516) -8.66 /ʃɑfɑ(t)/ "lip" (Wehr 567) -2.2.2.61 /ʃɑfɑj-/ "to cure, heal" (Wehr 560) -8.92 /miʃfɑlɑ(t)/ "belly" (QM 874) -8.87 /ʃɑhid-/ "to witness" (Wehr 571) -2.2.2.46 /ʃɑhɑq-/ PC /-ʃhɑq-/, /-ʃhiq-/ "to bray (donkey)"; also /ʃɑhiq-/ "to inhale; to swallow while hiccuping" (Wehr 573) -3.2, 8.67 /ʃɑhr/ "new moon; month" (Wehr 572) -2.2.2.47 /ʃɑħɑð-/ "to sharpen" (Wehr 534) -8.68 /ʃɑħm/ "fat" (Wehr 534) -2.2.2.48 /ʃɑħħɑr-/ "to blacken with soot" (Wehr 534) -8.70 /ʃɑħz/ "cohabitation" (LA 2206) -8.71 /ʃɑːʔ/ "sheep, ewe" (Wehr 574) -2.2.2.49 /ʃɑjjɑʕ-/ "to see off, escort, accompany" (Wehr 581) -2.2.2.76 /ʃɑːb-/ PC /-ʃiːb/ "to be white-haired; to grow old" (Wehr 579) -2.2.2.50*/ɬɑjp/ "foot" → /ʃɑʔfɑ(t)/ "root" (?) -2.2.2.52 /ʃɑːm-/ PC /-ʃiːm-/ "to insert" (Lane 1644) -2.2.2.51 /ʃɑːtˤ-/ PC /-ʃiːtˤ/ "to burn" (Wehr 581) -2.2.2.53 /ʃɑːχ-/ PC /-ʃiːχ/ "to age, grow old" (Wehr 580) -2.2.2.54 /ʃɑkɑd-/ PC /-ʃkud-/, /-ʃkid-/ "to gift" (Lane 1583) -8.113Arabic 273 /ʃɑkɑr-/ PC /-ʃkur-/ "to thank" (Wehr 563) -2.2.2.56 /ʃɑkisˤ/, /ʃɑkis/ "person with bad manners" (LA 2308) -8.97 /miʃkɑ(ːt)/ "niche for a lamp" (?) (Wehr 565) -2.2.2.55 /ʃɑmɑːl/, /ʃimɑːl/ "North" (Wehr 569) -2.2.2.58 /ʃɑmm-/ PC /-ʃɑmm-/, /-ʃumm-/ "to smell, sniff" (Wehr 566) -8.80 /ʃɑmmɑr-/ "to prepare, roll up" (Wehr 567) -8.81 /ʃɑms/ "sun" (Wehr 568) -3.11 /ʃɑmɑsˤ-/ PC /-ʃmusˤ-/ "to speak fast; to worry someone" (QM 886, LA 2326) -8.82 /ʃɑmɑtˤ-/ PC /-ʃmitˤ-/ "(a tree) to have a leaf fall out" (QM 887) -8.83 /ʃɑmɑχ-/ "to be high, tall; proud" (Wehr 567) -2.2.2.59 /ʃɑnɑʔ-/ "to hate" (Wehr 569) -2.2.2.60 /ʃɑnɑq-/ PC /-ʃnuq-/ "to hang (on the gallows)" (Wehr 570) -8.84 /ʃɑnɑsˤ-/ PC /-ʃnusˤ-/ "to be tied to something" (LA 2339) -8.86 /ʃɑqb/, /ʃiqb/ "valley between two mountains" (LA 2296) -8.94 /ʃɑql/ "taking" (LA 2303) -8.95 /ʃɑrɑʕ-/ "to enter, begin; to untie, fix" (Wehr 544) -2.2.2.63 /ʃɑrib-/ "to drink" (Wehr 540) -8.100 /ʃɑrɑd ͡ ʒ-/ "to lie" (LA 2227) -8.65 /ʃɑrɑd ͡ ʒ-/ PC /-ʃrud ͡ ʒ-/ "to put together bricks in order compactly" (Lane 1539) -/ʃɑrik-/ "to share" (Wehr 547) -2.2.2.65 /ʃɑrɑm-/ PC /-ʃrim-/ "to slit" (Wehr 548) -8.99 /ʔɑʃrɑm/ "hare-lipped" (Wehr 548) -2.2.2.66 /ʃɑrɑq-/ PC /-ʃruq-/ "to rise (sun)" (Wehr 546) -2.2.2.68 /ʃirs/, /ʃurs/ "small, thorny trees" (Lane 1542) -3.11 /ʃɑrsˤ/ "first steps of a baby camel" (QM 853) -8.101 /ʃurʃ/ "root" (Wehr 542) -3.11 /ʃɑrɑtˤ-/ PC /-ʃritˤ-/, /-ʃrutˤ-/ "to tear, make incisions" (Wehr 543) -2.2.2.70 /ʃɑrɑχ-/ PC /-ʃrɑχ-/ "to crack, splinter" (Wehr 541) -2.2.2.71 /ʃɑrχ/ "prime of youth" (Wehr 541) -8.117 /ʃɑsɑʕ-/ "to be distant" (LA 2257) -8.104 /ʃɑtɑl-/ PC /-ʃtil-/ "to plant" (Wehr 531) -8.103 /ʃɑtɑr-/ PC /-ʃtir-/ "to cut off, tear up" (Wehr 531) -2.2.2.72 /ʃitɑːʔ/ "winter", /ʃɑtɑwijj/ "wintery" (Wehr 532) -2.2.2.73 /ʃɑtˤɑb-/ PC /-ʃtˤub-/ "to cut in slices" (Wehr 550) -8.106 /ʃutˤfɑ(t)/ "piece, chunk" (Wehr 551) -8.106 /ʃɑtˤɑf-/ PC /-ʃtˤuf-/ "to wash" (Wehr 551) -8.105 /ʃɑtˤɑf/ PC /-ʃtˤɑf-/ "to cut wood with a small axe" (Yem) (NDG 650) -8.106 /ʃɑttˤ-/ PC /-ʃittˤ-/ /-ʃuttˤ-/ "to go to extremes, deviate" (Wehr 550) -2.2.2.75 /ʃɑtˤɑr-/ PC /-ʃtˤur-/ "to halve" (Wehr 550) -2.2.2.74 /ʃɑwwɑf-/ "to polish" (Wehr 576) -8.110 /ʃɑːf-/ PC /-ʃuːf-/ "to look" (Wehr 576) -8.110 /ʃɑwɑj-/ "to grill, roast" (Wehr 578) -2.2.2.77 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 274 /ʃɑwk/ "thorns, spikes" (Wehr 577) -2.2.2.78 /ʃɑːmɑ(t)/ "a colored mark on the body" (MW 504) -8.109 /(ʔi)ʃtɑːq-/ "to long for" (Wehr 577) -8.111 /ʃɑwʃɑː(t)/ "light, quick (said of woman or female camel)" (LA 2539) -8.102 /ʃɑwwɑtˤ-/ "to go on a long journey" (LA 2360) -8.112 /ʃɑwtˤ/ "race, round, game" (Wehr 576) -2.2.2.79 /ʃɑχɑb-/ PC /-ʃχub-/, /-ʃχɑb-/ "to flow" (Wehr 535) -8.114 /ʃuχb/ "milk coming forth from the udder" (Lane 1515) -8.114 /ʃɑχɑsˤ-/ to rise, appear; to stand out, be seen from afar" (LA 2211) -8.115 /ʃɑzr/ "spinning a thread" (LA 2255) -8.118 /tɑjs/ "billy goat" (Wehr 120) -2.2.1.94 /tisʕ/ "nine.f" (Wehr 114) -2.2.1.94 /tˤɑfɑʃ-/ PC /-tˤfiʃ-/ "to run away, flee, escape" (Wehr 657) -2.2.2.80 /tˤɑːʃ-/ PC /-tˤiːʃ-/ "to be inconstant, light-headed" (?) (Wehr 678) -2.2.2.81 /tˤɑll/ "dew" (Wehr 658) -2.1 /tˤɑnnɑʃ-/ "to feign not to hear" (Eg) (AEV 373) -8.43, footnote 120 /tˤɑʃʃ-/ PC /-tˤiʃʃ-/, /-tˤuʃʃ-/ "to rain lightly" (Lane 1853) -8.119 /θɑll-/ PC /-θull-/ "to tear down" (Wehr 126) -8.75 /θɑlɑːθ/ "three.f" (Wehr 126) -3.11 /θuːm/ "garlic" (Wehr 131) -2.1 /ʔɑwħɑʃ-/ "to be deserted, desolate" (Wehr 1237) -2.2.2.82 /wɑrɑʃ-/ "to eagerly desire" (Lane 2987) -8.2 /wɑssɑd-/ "to lay to rest in the ground" (Wehr 1250) -8.121 /wisɑːd/ "pillow" (Wehr 1250) -8.121 /wɑsɑm-/ "to mark" (Wehr 1253) -2.2.1.96 /wɑsɑːmɑ(t)/ "grace, charm, beauty" (Wehr 1254) -2.2.3.56 /wɑsin-/ "to sleep" (Wehr 1254) -2.2.1.97 /wɑsɑtˤ/ "middle" (Wehr 1250) -2.2.1.98 /wɑʃɑr-/ "to saw" (Wehr 1265) -8.40 /χɑlɑs-/ PC /-χlis-/ "to steal" (Wehr 294) -2.2.1.99 /χɑms/ "five.f" (Wehr 303) -2.2.1.100 /χɑmɑʃ-/ PC /-χmiʃ-/, /-χmuʃ-/; /χɑmmɑʃ-/ "to scratch" (Wehr 303) -8.122 /χunfus/, /χunfusɑːʔ/ "dung beetle, scarab" (Wehr 305) -8.18 /χɑsir-/ "to lose" (Wehr 277) -2.2.3.60 /χɑʃɑʕ-/ "to be submissive, humble" (Wehr 278) -2.2.2.83 /χɑʃf/ "dryness" (LA 1167) -8.123 /χɑʃl/ "rejection, discarding" (LA 1167) -8.126, footnote 139 /χɑʃʃ-/ PC /-χiʃʃ-/, /-χuʃʃ-/ "to enter" (Wehr 278) -2.2.2.84 /zɑjt/ "oil", /zɑjtuːn/ "olive" (Wehr 451) -2.1Aramaic /ʔɔʕɔ/ "wood" (OffA on. except Syr and Man) (DNSI 879) -2.3.3.2.2Aramaic 275 /ʔɔʕep-/ "to fold" (OffA, Syr) (SL 38) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʔbs/ "to stuff?" (OffA hapax in Demotic text) (DNSI 1252) -2.2.3.1 <ʔjsˤʔ> "weeds; dregs" (JBA) (DJBA 125a) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʔiʃ/ "person" (OArm, Qum, Sam, JBA) (DNSI 115) -2.2.1.1 /ʔit(ɑj)/ "there is" (OffArm on.) (SL 16) -3.10 <ʔm>, <hnw> "if" (Sml) (DNSI 68, 289) -3.5 /ʔnɔʃ/ "person" (OArm on.) (SL 31) -2.2.1.2 <ʔpʕ> "hyena" (CPA, Syr, JBA, Man, Targum) (SL 42) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʔrɑʕ-/ "to occur" (Targum, Syr, JPA, CPA, JBA) (SL 51) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʔɑssɔnɔ/ "granary" (JBA), /ʔsn/ "to gather" (Syr) (SL 35) -8.4 /ʔsɑp-/ "to gather" (Targum, PTarg, JBA, Sam) (DJBA 149b) (Hebraism?) -2.2.3.2 /ʔsɑr-/ "to bind" (ComA) (SL 37) -2.2.3.3 <ʔʃ>, <ʔjʃʔ> "fire" (Bib Hapax, OArm, Sam, JBA) (DJBA 126a) -2.2.1.4 /ʔrɑs-/, /ʔɑrres-/ "to betroth" (Gal, CPA, Sam, Man) (DJPA 76b) -8.2 /ʔʃɑd-/ "to pour" (ComA) (SL 52) -8.121 <ʔʃdh> "arm-rest, axle" (Targum) (CWT 1:71) -8.121 /ʔɔʃitɔ/ "wall, column" (Ħat, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 52) -8.3 /ʔeʃkɔ/, /ʔeʃktɔ/ "testicle" (Syr, JBA, PTarg) (SL 52) -2.2.1.3 /ʔɑʃʃeʃ-/ "to lay a foundation" (CPA) (DCPA 32), <ʔʃwʃ> "founding" (Sam) (DSA 70) -2.2.1.5 <ʔwʃ> "foundation" (OffA, Bib, Qum, Targum, CPA) (DNSI 47) -2.2.1.5 <ʔz>? (Sml) (DNSI 24) -3.2 <ʔzj>, <ʔdjn> /ʔdɑjin/ "then" (OArm, OffA, Qum, Sam) (DNSI 13) -3.9 <ʕʕ> "wood" (Qum) (DQA 185) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʕdɑd-/ "to prune" (Syr) (SL 511) -2.3.3.2.1 /ʕilʕɔ/, /ʔilˤɔ/ "rib" (ComA) (SL 22) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʕmɑsˤ-/ "to close (one's eyes)" (Syr, JBA, Man, CPA) (SL 530) -2.3.3.2.2, 3.3 /ʕɔnɔ/ "small cattle" (ComA) (SL 553) -2.1 /ʕɑrsɔ/ "bed" (OffA on.) (SL 549) -2.2.2.2 /ʕɑrʃɔ/ "molar", /ˤrʃ/ "to have sharp teeth" (Syr) (SL 551) -2.2.1.93 /ʕsɑq-/ "to bind; to be occupied with, attend to" (Syr, Gal, JBA, Targum, Man, Sam, Qum) (SL 536) -8.5 /ʕsɑr/ "ten" (ComA) (SL 537) -2.2.2.4 <ʕsˤh> "woody shrubs" (OffA, Nab) (Yadin et al. 2002:6, 26) -2.3.3.2.2 /ˤeśbɔ/, /ʕesbɔ/ "grass, plant" (MArm on.) (SL 536) -2.2.2.3 /ʕʃɑq-/ "to be aroused" (Syr) (SL 553) -8.6 /ʕtˤeʃ-/ "to sneeze" (Gal, Syr) (DJPA 402a) -2.2.1.9 /ʕɑs-/ "to be refreshed" (Syr) (?) (SL 516) -2.2.2.1 /bʔeʃ-/ "to be bad, displeasing" (ComA) (SL 56) -2.2.1.10 /bħɑʃ-/ "to agitate, stir" (Qum, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 66) -2.2.1.11 /ʔɛtbɑrħɑʃ-/ "to crawl, creep" (Syr hapax) (SL 96) -8.8 /bsem-/ "to smell sweet" (Syr, Man, CPA, JBA) (SL 80) -2.2.2.6 <bwsrʔ>, /besre/ "unripe grapes" (OffA, Targum, Syr) (CWT 1:104) -8.10 /beśrɔ/, /besrɔ/ "flesh" (ComA) (SL 82) -2.2.2.7 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 276 /bɑśśer-/, /bɑsser-/ "to announce" (Qum, CPA, Gal, JBA) (DCPA 54) -8.9 /bsˤɑʕ-/ "to tear" (JBA, Targum) (DJBA 229a) -2.3.3.2.1 /bʃel-/ "to ripen"; /bɑʃʃel-/ "to cook" (Syr, Man, JBA, JPA) (SL 99) -2.2.1.12 /btˤɑʃ-/, /bɑttˤeʃ-/ "to kick, stomp" (JBA, Man) (DJBA 198a) -8.11 /bzɑʕ-/ "to tear" (OffA on.) (SL 64) -2.3.3.2.1 /debʃɔ/, /dubʃɔ/ "honey" (OffA on.) (SL 140) -2.2.1.18 /dħɑs-/ "to trample" (JBA, Man) (DM 103a) -8.13 /dɑlles-/ "to deal falsely, to lie" (Sam) (DSA 183) -2.2.3.7 /dunbɔ/ "tail" (Targum, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 159) -2.1 /drɑs-/ "to tread" (Gal, Sam, JBA) (DJPA 353a) -8.12 /drɑʃ-/ "to tread" (Syr) (SL 168) -8.12 /dɑːʃ-/ PC /-duːʃ-/ "to trample" (ComA) (SL 148) -2.2.1.19 <gdʃ> "grave" (?) (DA) (DNSI 215) -8.16 /gɑjjes-/ "to ravage, plunder" (Gal, Syr, Man, PTarg) (SL 114) -2.2.2.8 /gɑrdeʃ-/ "to gnaw, erode"; /ʔetgɑrdɑʃ-/ "be broken, wounded" (Syr, JBA) (SL 132) -8.16 /gɑrres-/ "to grind; to destroy" (OffA, Sam, Syr) (SL 134) -2.2.2.9 /grɑʃ-/ "to pull, drag" (Gal, CPA, Syr) (SL 135), /gɑrreʃ-/ "to divorce" (JBA, Sam) (DJBA 305b) -2.2.1.13 /gsʔ/, /gsj/ "to belch" (Qum, CPA, Syr, Man) (SL 126) -8.14 /guʃmɔ/, /geʃmɔ/ "body" (MArm on.) (SL 136) -2.2.1.15 /geʃrɔ/ "bridge" (Syr, JBA, Man, Targum) (SL 137) -2.2.1.16 /gʃɑʃ-/ "to touch" (Gal, CPA, Syr, Man, JBA, Sam) (SL 135) -2.2.1.17 /hen/, /ʔin/, /ʔen/ "if" (ComA) (SL 27) -3.5 /ħbɑʃ-/ "to imprison, restrain" (Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 213) - 2.2.1.20 /ħɑbʃuʃtɔ/ "beetle" (Syr) (SL 213) -8.18 <ħjʃh> "thicket" (Targum) (CWT 1:255) -8.19 /ħlɑʃ-/ "to be sick, weak" (Targum, JBA, Man, Syr) (DJBA 466b) -2.2.1.21 /ħlʃ/, /ħɑllɑʃ-/ "to strip" (PTarg, CPA, Sam, JBA) (DJBA 467) -2.2.1.99 /ħmɑʕ-/ "to ferment; vinegar" (JPA, Syr, Targum, CPA, Sam, JBA) (SL 240) -3.3.2.1 /ħmɑj-/ "to see" (Gal, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man, Palm, Targum) (SL 239) -8.3 <ħms> "criminality, violence" (Sml, OffA, Qum) (DNSI 382) -2.2.3.58 /ħmɑsˤ/ "to be sour" (Syr, JBA) (SL 240) -2.3.3.2.1 /ħmeʃ/, /ħɑmmeʃ/ "five" (ComA) (SL 242) -2.2.1.100 /ħps/ "to search, dig" (Gal, CPA, Sam, JBA) (DJBA 478b) -2.2.2.10 <ħpwʃjtʔ> "beetle" (JBA) (DJBA 447b) -8.18 <ħrpwʃtʔ> "black scarabaeus" (Syr) (SL 258) -8.18 /ħersɔ/ "itch" (Syr, JBA) (SL 257) -8.124 /ħɑrsep-/ "to take off scales" (Gal) (DJPA 215a) -8. /ħɑrreʃ-/ "to practice magic arts" (Man, Sam, Syr) (SL 259) -2.2.1.22 <ħwrʃʔ> "forest" (Gal, CPA, Sam) (DJPA 193a) -8.125 /ħɔs/ "God forbid, far be it" (ComA) (SL 221) -2.2.2.11Aramaic 277 /ħɑsħusɔ/ "cartilage" (Syr) (SL 246) -2.2.3.61 /ħsɑl-/ "to finish" (Gal, Sam, CPA, Syr) (SL 247) -8.126 /ħsɑl-/ "to wean" (Syr, CPA, Targum) (SL 247) -8.126 /ħsɑm-/ "to silence, muzzle" (JBA) (DJBA 475b) -2.2.3.11 /ħsɑn-/, /ħsen-/ "to be strong" (OffA, Syr, Targum, CPA, Syr, Man) -1.2.4.12, 3.4, footnote 45 <ħspnjtʔ> "skin disease" (JBA) (DJBA 441b) -8.123 /ħsɑr-/ "to be lacking" (ComA) (SL 248) -2.2.3.60 /ħɑsses-/ "to be apprehensive, uncertain" (JBA) (DJBA 476a) -2.2.3.59 /ħsˤɑd/ "to harvest" (ComA) (SL 251) -2.3.3.2.1 /ħʃeb-/ "to think, calculate" (ComA) (SL 260) -2.2.1.100 /ħʃl/ "to crush" (OffA(?), Bib Hapax, JBA) -8.126 /ħwɑr-/ "to be white" (Syr, JBA, Sam, Man, Targum) (SL 223) -8.70 /jbeʃ-/ "to dry" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Syr, JBA, Sam) (SL 294) -2.2.1.23 /jɑħħes-/ "to trace one's genealogy" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, Sam, JBA) (DJBA 533b) -2.2.2.82 /jsɑd-/ "to make a foundation" (Sam, Qum, Syn) (DNSI 462, Naveh 1978:131) - 8.121 /hosep-/, /ʔosep-/ "to add" (ComA) (SL 304) -2.2.3.57 /jɑsser-/ "to try; to chastize" (PTarg, Sam, Gal) (DJPA 243a) (Hebraism?) -2.2.3.13 /ʃentɔ/ "sleep" (ComA) (SL 789) -2.2.1.97 /ʔoʃetˤ/ "to extend" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, Man), /jɑʃtˤɔ/ "esophagus" (Syr) (SL 310) -2.2.1.98 /jɑʃʃiːr/ "upright, firm" (Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam) (DJPA 246b) -2.2.1.24 /kbɑʃ-/ "to subdue" (OffA) "to tread" (Qum, Gal, Syr, JBA, Man) (DNSI 487, SL-8.21 /kebʃɔ/ "sheep" (Syr, Man) (SL 317) -8.22 <klʔjm>, <kjlʔjn> "mixture of two species" (PTarg, Qum) (DQA 113) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /knɑʃ/ "to gather" (OffA on.) (SL 335), see also /kns/ (Qum, Gal, JBA) (DJBA 588) -8.24 /kɑspɔ/ "silver, money" (ComA) (SL 338) -2.2.3.17 /kɑrsɔ/ "abdomen" (Gal, PTarg, CPA, Syr, JBA, Targum, Man) (SL 347) -2.2.2.12 /kɔsɔ/ "cup" (ComA) (SL 322) -2.2.3.14 /ksʔ/ "to recapture" (?) (OArm) (DNSI 522) -2.2.3.15 /ksɑħ-/ "to prune, cut off" (Syr, JBA, Gal) (SL 338) -8.26 /kɑssej-/ "to cover" (OffA on.) (SL 337) -8.29 <ksljʔ> "loins" (Qum, PTarg, Sam) (DJPA 265b) -2.2.3.16 <kʃdʔ> "necklace" (Man) (DM 224a) -8.25 /lbeʃ-/ "to clothe" (ComA) (SL 357) -2.2.1.25 /lħeʃ-/ "to whisper" (Gal, Syr, JBA, Man, Targum) (SL 364) -2.2.1.29 /liʃʃɔnɔ/ "tongue" (ComA) (SL 371) -2.2.1.27 <ljʃh> (OArm), <lʔ ʔjt> (OffArm) /let/ (MArm on.) "there is not" (SL 366) -3.10 /ltˤɑʃ-/ "to sharpen" (Syr) (SL 365) -2.2.1.28 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 278 /mʔɑs-/ "to reject" (JBA, Targum) (DJBA 638b) -8.30 /ʔetmleʃ-/ "to be plucked out" (Syr) (SL 393) -2.2.1.30 /mrɑs-/ "to stir" (Syr, JBA, Man, Targum, PTarg) (SL 405) -2.2.3.18 /msɑs-/ "to melt" (JBA, Man, Sam) -2.2.3.19 /mʃɑħ-/ "to anoint" (OffA, Syr, Targum, PTarg, Man, CPA, Qum, Sam) (SL 407) -2.1.31 /mʃɑħ-/ "to measure" (Qum, Targum, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 406) -2.1.34 /mʃɑk-/ "to pull" (PTarg, JBA, Qum) (DJBA 713b) -2.2.1.32/ /miʃkɔ/, /meʃkɔ/, /mɑʃkɔ/ "skin" (ComA) (SL 407) -8.32 /mɑʃmeʃ-/ "to feel, grope" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, Syr, JBA) (SL 406) -2.2.1.33 /mʃɑʃ-/, /mɑʃʃeʃ-/ "to feel" (CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Targum, PTarg) (SL 406) -2.1.33 <mnʔʃ> "weak, feeble" (Syr, Gal, Sam) (SL 317) -8.1 /msɑr-/ "to hand over" (Sam, JBA, Syr, Man, CPA, Targum) (SL 397) -8.33 /mʃɑj-/ "to cleanse" (Syr) (SL 406) -8.31 /nhɑs-/ "to bite (dog)" (Syr) (TSL 2:86) -8.34 /nħɔʃɔ/ "bronze, copper" (ComA) (SL 424) -2.2.1.35 /nkɑs-/ "to slaughter" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA) (SL 429) -8.36 /nɑkkeʃ-/ "to weed" (Gal, JBA) (DJPA 351b) -8.36 /npɑs-/ "to card wool" (Gal, JBA, Syr) (SL 437) -2.2.2.19 /nɑpʃɔ/ "soul" (ComA) (SL 441) -2.2.1.36 /nqɑs-/ "to cut into pieces" (Gal, CPA, Sam, Syr) (SL 446) -2.2.2.20 /nqɑʃ-/ "to knock" (Bib, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 448) -8.37 /nsg/ "to weave" (Gal) (DJPA 352b), <nsjg> "weaving" (Syr) (SL 433) -2.2.3.21 /nsɑħ-/ "to remove" (OArm, OffA, Bib, Targum, Gal, JBA, PTarg) (DNSI 734) -2.2.22 /nɑssej-/ "to try, test, tempt" (Targum, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man, Gal) (SL 433) -2.2.3.24 /nsɑk-/ "to pour out" (ComA) (SL 433) -2.2.3.22 /nsɑr-/, /nɑsser-/ "to saw" (Syr, Man, Gal, CPA, JBA) (SL 434) -8.40 /nsɑr-/ "to spread out" (Syr) (SL 434) -2.2.2.24 /nɑsses-/ "to grow weak, become seriously ill" (Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 432) -8.1 /nśʔ/, /nśɔ-/, /nsɔ-/ "to lift" (OArm, OffA, Bib, Qum, Gal, Sam) (DNSI 761) -2.2.2.21 /hɑnśeg-/ "to achieve, discover" (OffA) (DNSI 764) -8.38 /nśq/ "to burn" (OffA) (DNSI 765) -2.2.2.23 /nʃɑj-/ "to forget" (Targum, CPA, Sam, Syr, Man, PTarg, Gal) (SL 450) -2.2.1.37 /nʃɑq-/ "to kiss" (MArm on.) (SL 451) -2.2.1.38 /neʃrɔ/ "vulture, eagle" (MArm on.) (SL 451) -2.2.1.39 /nʃɑʃ-/ "to be weak, feeble" (Syr, Gal, Sam) (SL 450) -8.1 /ntɑʃ-/ "to tear off" (Gal, Syr, Sam) (SL 453) -8.42 /ntˤʃ/ "to abandon" (Gal, Sam) (DJPA 349a) -8.43 /pɑggeʃ-/ "to strike, confront" (Qum, PTarg) (DJPA 425a, Greenfield et al. 2004:142) -8.45Aramaic 279 /plɑʃ-/ "to break into; to dig through; to perforate" (Syr) (SL 577) -2.2.1.40 /prs/ "to spread" (MArm on.) (SL 600) -2.2.2.25 /prɑs-/ "to divide" (Bib, Syr, JBA) (SL 599) -2.2.3.28 /pɑrrɔʃɔ/ "horesman" (ComA) (SL 609) -2.2.1.41 /psd/ "to spoil"; /ʔɑpsed-/ "to suffer loss" (JBA, Man, CPA, Syr, Gal) (DJPA 439a) - 2.2.3.29 /pɑssek-/ "to cut down" (Targum) (CWT 2:277) -2.2.3.30 /psl/ "to be unfit; to scorn" (Gal, CPA, JBA, Targum, Sam) (DJBA 918a) -2.2.2.26 /psˤɑʕ-/ "to tear" (Gal, Targum) (DJPA 442a, DJBA 924a) -2.3.3.2.1 /pʃɑr-/ "to loosen, dissolve" (Syr, JBA, Man, Gal, CPA), "to solve" (Bib on.) (SL 614) -2.2.1.42 /pʃɑtˤ-/ "to extend, stretch" (Syr, JBA, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam) (SL 611) -2.2.1.43 /pɑttˤeʕ-/ "to act foolishly" (Syr) (TSL 2:287) -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 14 /qɑjtˤɔ/ "summer" (ComA) (SL 664) -2.1 /qɑjsɔ/ "wood, tree" (CPA, Syr, PTarg, JBA, Gal) (SL 665) -2.2.2.29 /qɑrsem-/ "to gnaw" (Targum) (DJPA 506b) -8.27 /qɑrsemtɔ/ "cut branches" (Syr) (SL 669) -8.28 <qsqsh> "scale (of fish)" (PTarg) (Hebraism?) (DJPA 499a) -2.2.2.13 /qsɑr-/ "to rub with pumice" (Syr) (SL 680) (?) -2.2.2.30 <qśwwtʔ>, <qswwtʔ> "vessel for libation" (Targum, PTarg) (CWT 2:374) (Hebraism?) -2.2.2.31 /qʃɑj-/ "to be difficult" (OffA, Targum, Gal, PTarg, Sam, Syr, JBA, CPA, Man) (SL 703) -2.2.1.44 /qeʃʃɔ/, /qeʃʃtɔ/ "chaff" (Sam, Syr, CPA) (SL 702) -8.47 /qeʃtɔ/, /qɑʃtɔ/ "bow" (OArm on.) (SL 703) -1.2.45 /reʃɔ/ "head" (ComA) (SL 728) -1.2.46 /rʕɑʃ-/ "to tremble" (CPA, Gal, JBA) (DCPA 406) -8.48 /rgɑʃ-/ "to rage; to feel" (ComA) (SL 713) -2.2.1.47 /rħeʃ-/ "to move" (Syr, JBA, Man, CPA, Targum) (SL 726) -8.49 /rks/ "to bind" (Man) (DM 435b), cf. /rkɑʃ-/ "to bind" (Man, Syr) (SL 732), perhaps a loanword from Assyrian? cf. Huehnergard (1979:28, 189) -2.2.3.34 /rmɑs-/ "to trample" (Targum, JBA) (DJBA 1088b) -2.2.3.35 /rpɑs-/ "to trample" (ComA) (SL 741) -2.2.3.36 /rɑss-/ "to sprinkle" (Syr, Sam, Targum, Man) (SL 736) -2.2.2.34 /rʃɑʕ-/ "to be evil, commit a crime" (CPA, Syr, JBA, Qum, Targum, PTarg, Sam) (SL 746) -2.2.1.48 /sɑʔtɔ/ "a grain measure" (ComA) (SL 453) -2.2.3.37 /sʕɑd-/ "to help" (Gal, Sam, Bib) (DJPA 384b) -8.53 /sɑr/ "to be terrified" (Man) (DM 314b) -8. 56 /sɑʕrɔ/, /śɑʕrɔ/ "hair" (ComA) (SL 488) -2.1, 2.2.2.38 /sbb/ "to surround" (OArm, Sam) (DNSI 772) -2.2.3.39 /sbɑh-/ "to be like" (Syr) (TSL 2:121) -2.2.2.41 /sbɔ-/ "to guzzle wine; to retail wine" (Targum, JBA) (DJBA 783) -2.2.3.38 /sbɑk-/ "to be interwoven" (Syr, Man, JBA) (SL 454) -8.60 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 280 /sbl/ "to support, provide for" (OffA) (DNSI 774) -8.61 /sbɑr-/ "to reason; to expect" (OffA on.) (SL 456) -8.62 /sdɑq-/ "to split apart, cleave" (ComA) (SL 460) -2.2.2.44*/ɬdw/ "open land" → /sɑttɔ/ "vine" (Syr) (SL 502) (?) -2.2.2.45 /sdɑr-/ "to arrange" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, Man, Qum, JBA) (SL 461) -2.2.3.41 /sged-/ "to bow down" (OffA on.) (SL 458) -2.2.3.42 /sgɑr-/ "to shut" (Bib, Gal, CPA, Syr, Man, JBA) (SL 459) -8.66 /sɑhrɔ/ "moon" (ComA) (SL 462) -2.2.2.47 /sħɑp-/ "to throw down; to sweep away" (Qum, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 466) -2.2.3.44 /setɔ/, /sitɔ/ "ewe" (Targum) (GTO 192) -2.2.2.49 /sɑjjeʕ-/ "to aid; to ally with" (MArm on.) (SL 472) -2.2.2.76 /sjɔtˤɔ/ "inflammation" (Syr) (SL 463) -2.2.2.53 /skɑj-/ "to look; to expect" (Targum, Gal, CPA, Sam, Man, JBA, Syr, PTarg) (SL 473) -2.2.2.55 /sɑkk-/ "to be confined" (Man) (DM 330b) -2.2.3.46 /skɑr-/ "to shut up" (Gal, CPA, Syr, JBA, Qum) (SL 475) -2.2.3.47 /ʔɑsket-/ "to listen carefully" (Sam) (DSA 589b) (Hebraism?) -2.2.3.48 /sɑllɔ/ "basket" (Gal, Targum, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 475) -2.1 /slp/ "to twist" (Sam, Man, JBA) (DM 331b) -2.2.3.49 /sɑlwɔ/ "quail" (Sam, Syr) (SL 476) -8.77 /smɑk-/ "to support" (OffA, Qum, Sam, Syr, Palm, Man, Gal, JBA) (SL 480) -2.3.50 <sjmpwnʔ> "bronchus" (JBA) (DJBA 806b) -2.2.3.51 /sɑmmɔ/ "medicine, poison, herb" (Qum, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man, Gal) (SL 479) -8.78 /smɔmitɔ/ "gecko" (Gal, Sam, Syr) (SL 479) -8.79 /sneq-/ "to be lacking, to need" (Syr, Man) (SL 485) -8.85 /spɑd-/ "to lament" (Targum, JBA, Syr, Qum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam) (SL 490) -2.3.52 <spħjn> "aftergrowth" (Gal) (DJPA 385b) -2.2.3.53 /spɑq-/ "to provide sufficiently" (Syr, Sam, JBA, CPA) (SL 491) -8.88 /spɑr-/ "to count" (JBA) (DJBA 827) -8.89 /sqɑr-/ "to make red" (Syr, JBA) (SL 495) -2.2.2.68 /srɑʕ-/ "to extend" (Syr) (SL 500) -2.2.2.63 /srɑg-/ "to plait" (Syr) (SL 496) -2.2.2.64 /srɑħ-/ "to rip apart" (Gal, CPA, Syr) (SL 497) -2.2.2.71 /srɑk-/ "to adhere" (Syr, JBA) (SL 499) -2.2.2.65 /srɔmɔ/ "snub-nosed or the like" (Syr) (SL 499) -2.2.2.66 /srɑp-/ "to suck" (Syr, JBA) (SL 500) -8.100 /srɑp-/ "to burn" (Gal, Sam, JBA, Targum) (DJBA 1190b) -2.2.2.67 <srrw> "domination" (Gal) (CWT 2:192) -2.2.2.69 /srɑtˤ-/ "to scratch" (ComA) (SL 498) -2.2.2.70 /stɑr-/ "to hide" (Sam, Palm, Man, Syr, Qum, JBA) (SL 502) -2.2.3.54 /sɑttet-/ "to embed, establish firmly" (Syr) (SL 502) -2.2.3.55Aramaic 281 /sɑttˤep-/ "to split" (Syr, CPA) (SL 468) -8.106 /setˤrɔ/ "side" (ComA) (SL 468) -2.2.2.74*/ɬwj/ "to roast → /swɔtɔ/ "sweet smell of sacrificial meat" (Syr) (SL 462) -2.2.2.77 /sɑwktɔ/, /soktɔ/ "branch; toothpick" (Targum, Gal, Syr, JBA) (SL 464) -2.2.2.78 /sɑwweq-/ "to snort, bray" (Syr) (SL 465) -8.67 /sɔr-/ "to turn aside" (Sam, JBA, Man) (DJBA 797a) -2.2.3.45 /ʔɔsetˤ-/ "to swing, move" (PTarg, JBA) (DJBA 792b) -2.2.2.79 <śʔn>, /sʔunɔ/ "shoe" (OffA, Syr) (DNSI 1098) -8.51 /śbɑʕ-/, /sbɑʕ-/ "to be sated" (MArm on.) (SL 456) -2.2.2.40 /śɔbɔ/, /sɔbɔ/ "old man" (ComA) (SL 469) -2.2.2.50 /śhed-/, /shed-/ "to testify" (ComA) (SL 461) -2.2.2.46 <śjħ> "bush, growth" (Qum) (DQA 248), /siːħɔ/ "plant name" (Syr) (SL 469) -2.2.54 <śkr>, <skr> "rewarding" (OffA?, Palm) (Arabism?) (DNSI 1135) -2.2.2.56 <śmʔl>, <smʔl> /semmɔlɔ/, /smɔlɔ/ "left hand" (ComA) (SL 481) -2.2.2.58 /ʔeśtmer-/, /ʔestmer-/ "to be careful, to prepare" (OffA, Sam, JBA, Man) (DNSI 1166) -8.81 /śnɔ-/ "to hate" (ComA) (SL 483) -2.2.2.60 /śeptɔ/, /septɔ/ "lip" (ComA) (SL 489) -2.2.2.61 /śɑqqɔ/, /sɑqqɔ/ "sack" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, Syr, JBA) (SL 493) -2.2.2.62 /śtɑr-/, /stɑr-/ "to destroy" (OffA on.) (SL 503) -2.2.2.72 <śtw> (Qum), /sɑtwɔ/ "winter" (ComA) (SL 502) -2.2.2.73 /śɔm-/, /sɔm-/ "to place, put" (ComA) (SL 469) -2.2.2.51 /sˤʕeq-/ "to cry out" (OffA, Targum, JBA) (DNSI 971) -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 22, 3.2 /sˤomɔ/ "a fast" (OffA, Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr) (SL 623) -2.1 /sˤmɑħ-/ "to sprout" (Targum, Gal, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA) (SL 631) -2.3.3.2.1 /sˤerʕɔ/ "udder" (Syr) (SL 638) -2.3.3.2.1 /ʃʔel-/ "to ask" (ComA) (SL 748) -2.2.1.49 /ʃʕɑl-/ "to cough" (JBA, Syr) (SL 793) -8.55 /ʔɑʃbeʕ-/ "to cause to take an oath" (Gal, PTarg, JBA, Man, Sam, Qum, Targum) (DM 447a) -8.57 /ʔʃetɑbbɑb-/ "to be burned" (JBA) (DJBA 1100a), /ʃbib/ "spark" (Bib, Targum, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 750) -8.58 /ʃɑbbeħ-/ "to praise" (MArm on.) (SL 751) -2.2.1.50 /ʃbɑj-/ "to take captive" (ComA) (SL 750) -2.2.1.51 /ʃebbɑltɔ/, /ʃubbɑltɔ/ "ear of grain" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 752) -2.2.1.52 /ʃbɑq-/ "to leave" (ComA) (SL 753) -2.2.1.53 /ʃɑbtˤɔ/, /ʃibtˤɔ/ "rod, staff" (Syr) (SL 751) -2.2.1.54 /ʃdr/ "to be twisted or deformed (part of the body)" (JBA) (DJBA 1113a) -8.118 /ʃidrɔ/ "spine" (JBA) (DJBA 1113b) -8.118 /ʃidiriɑtɑ/ "ropes, chains", /ʃidrɑ/ "twisting, spinning (by hand)" (Man) (DM 460) - 8.118 /ʃħɑd-/ "to gift, bribe" (ComA) (SL 768) -8.113 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 282 /ʃħɔpɔ/ "colostrum, first milk" (Syr, Man) (SL 770) -8.114 <ʃħrʔ> "early morning" (Gal, PTarg, Sam) (DJPA 545a) -2.2.1.56 /ʃɔħɑr/ "black" (Syr) (SL 770), <ʃħrh>, <ʃħrtʔ> "blackness" (JBA, Man) (DJBA 1129a) -8.70 /ʃħɔtɔ/ "armpit" (Syr, CPA) (SL 768) -8.116 /ʃħet-/ "to be ruined" (Qum, Syr, Man) (Syr 786) -2.2.1.57 /ʃħɑtˤ-/ "to cut the throat, slaughter" (JBA) (Hebraism?) (DJBA 1127a) -2.2.1.91 /ʃɔr-/ "to sing" (Syr, CPA, Gal) (SL 774) -2.2.1.58 /ʃɔt-/ "to order" (Gal) (Hebraism?), cf. /ʃijjuːtɔ/ "quality" (Syr) (SL 775) -2.2.1.59 /ʃkeb-/ "to lie down" (ComA) (SL 775) -8.73 /ʃkɑn-/ "to dwell" (OffA, Bib, Sam, Syr, Man, Qum, Gal, JBA) (SL 776) -2.2.1.60 /ʃkɑr-/ "to be drunk" (Gal, Syr, CPA, Sam) (SL 777) -2.2.1.61 /ʃlɑħ-/ "to send" (ComA) (SL 780) -2.2.1.62 /ʃlɑħ-/ "to strip off" (post OffA on.) (SL 780) -2.2.1.66 /ʃlɑj-/ "to cease movement, be calm" (Gal, CPA, Syr, JBA) (SL 778) -2.2.1.65 /ʃlitɔ/ "afterbirth" (Syr, Man, JBA) (SL 778) -8.74 /ʃlɔmɔ/ "peace" (ComA) (SL 782) -2.1, 2.2.1.63 /ʃlɑq-/ "to boil" (Qum, Gal, Syr, JBA) (SL 784) -8.76 /ʃletˤ-/, /ʃlɑtˤ-/ "to have power, dominate" (ComA) (SL 781) -2.2.1.64 /ʃmɔ/ "name" (ComA) (SL 784) -2.2.1.67 /ʃmɑʕ-/ "to hear" (ComA) (SL 786) -2.2.1.68 /ʃmɑjjɔ/ "heaven" (ComA) (SL 785) -2.2.1.68 /ʃmen-/ "to be fat" (Gal, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 786) -2.2.1.70 /ʃimsˤɔ/ "suspicion" (JBA) (DJBA 1136a) -8.82 /ʃmeʃ/ "sun" (ComA) (SL 788) -3.11 /ʃmetˤ-/ "to draw out" (Syr, Man, JBA, Gal, Sam) (SL 785) -8.83 /ʃɑttɔ/ "year" (ComA) (SL 789) -2.2.1.71 /ʃnɑj-/ "to be different" (ComA) (SL 789) -2.2.1.72 /ʃinnɔ/, /ʃennɔ/ "tooth" (ComA) (SL 789) -2.2.1.73 /ʃɑnneq-/ "to torture by drowning or strangling" (Qum, Syr, JBA, Man, Sam) (SL-8.84 /ʃnsˤ-/ "to tighten" (Gal, CPA, JBA) (DJPA 560b) -8.86 /ʃɑpjutɔ/ "serenity" (CPA, Syr, Man) (SL 794) -8.92 /ʃpɑk-/ "to pour out, spill" (Qum, Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, JBA, Man, Sam) (SL 795) -2.2.1.74 /ʃpɑl-/ "to be low" (ComA) (SL 795) -2.2.1.75 /ʃipulɔ/ "sexual parts, lower parts of abdomen" (Man) (DM 462) -8.87 /ʃɑpp-/ "to crawl; to be low" (Syr, Gal, Sam) (SL 793) -2.2.1.76 /ʃpɑr-/ "to be beautiful, pleasing, good" (Bib on.) (SL 797) -8.91 /ʃipporɔ/ "trumpet" (Syr, JBA, PTarg) (SL 798) -8.90 /ʃɔqɔ/ "thigh" (ComA) (SL 765) -8.93 /ʔɑʃqej-/ "to irrigate" (ComA) (SL 798) -2.2.1.77 /ʃqɑl-/ "to take" (Syr, JBA, Man, Sam, Gal) (SL 798) -8.95 /ʔɑʃqep-/ "to look down at" (Targum, Gal, Sam) (DJPA 565b) -2.2.1.79Aramaic 283 /ʃɑqqer-/ "to lie" (ComA) (DNSI 1189) -8.65 /ʃɑqqesˤ-/ "to abominate" (Targum, PTarg) (DJPA 565b), /ʃiqsˤɔ/ "unclean animal" (JBA) (DJBA 1140a), <ʃqsˤw> "uncleanliness" (CPA) (DCPA 443) -8.97 /ʃrɑj-/ "to loosen, untie" (ComA) (SL 803) -2.2.1.80, 8.98 /ʃɔritɔ/ "joint" (Syr) (SL 808) -8.98 /ʃerjɔnɔ/, /ʃurjɔnɔ/ "sinew" (Syr, Man) (SL 808) -8.98 /ʃrɑm-/ "to break" (Syr) (SL 809) -8.99 /ʃurrɔ/, /ʃerrɔ/ "navel" (Syr, Man, Targum, Gal, JBA) (SL 802) -2.2.1.82 /ʃrɑsˤ-/ "to creep" (Syr, JBA) (SL 810) -8.101 /ʔɑʃresˤ-/ "to produce a swarm, i.e. to breed" (JBA) (DJBA 1181b) -8.101 /ʃreʃ/ "root" (OffArm on.) (DNSI 1195) -3.0 /ʔeʃtɔ/ "base, foundation; buttocks" (Syr, Man) (SL 810) -2.2.1.83 /ʃet/ "six.f" (DNSI 1196) -3.11 /ʃtej-/ "to drink" (ComA) (SL 811) -2.2.1.84 /ʃtɑj-/ "to weave" (Targum, Gal, Syr, Man) (SL 812) -2.2.1.85 /ʃtɑl-/ "to plant" (Syr, Gal, JBA, Man, Targum) (SL 812, 815) -8.103 /ʃɑttep-/ "to share, be in partnership" (JBA, Man, Sam, CPA) (DJBA 1186a) -2.1.86 /ʃtˤɑħ-/ "to spread out" (ComA) (SL 772) -2.2.1.87 /ʃtˤɑp-/ "to wash" (Gal, JBA) (DJPA 545b) -8.105 /ʃtˤɑp-/ "to split open" (Syr) (SL 773) -8.106 /ʃtˤɑr-/ "to write" (Palm, Man) (DNSI 1123) -2.2.1.88 /ʃɑwweb-/, /ʔɑʃʃeb-/ "to heat, scorch" (Syr, JBA) (SL 761) -8.58 /ʃɔħ-/ "to melt, sink away" (Gal, PTarg, CPA, Syr) (SL 763) -2.2.1.92 /ʃɔm-/ "to evaluate" (CPA, Sam, Gal, JBA) (DCPA 203) -8.108 /ʃumtɔ/ "mole, skin lesion" (Qum, Syr) (SL 764) -8.109 /ʃɔp-/ "to rub" (Gal, Man, Syr, JBA) (SL 765) -8.110 <ʃwqʔ> "desire" (hapax in Gal) (DJPA 542a) -8.111 /ʃɔtˤ-/ "to move all around" (Man) (DM 454a) -8.112 /ʃotˤɔ/ "whip" (Targum, Gal, Syr, JBA, Man) (SL 763) -2.2.1.90 /ʃzɑr-/ "to twist thread" (Gal, CPA, Sam, JBA?) (DCPA 424) -8.118 /ʃɑzzɑrtɔ/ "backbone" (Targum) (CWT 2:467) -8.118 /tɑjʃɔ/, /teʃɔ/ "he-goat" (Qum, Targum, Gal, PTarg, CPA, Sam, Syr) (SL 822)2.1.94 /tlɔt/ "three.f" (ComA) (SL 826, DNSI 1153) -3.11 /tʃɑʕ/ "nine.f" (ComA) (SL 838) -2.2.1.95 /tumɔ/ "garlic" (ComA) (SL 819) -2.1 /tˤpɑs-/ "to take refuge" (Syr) (SL 286) -2.2.2.80 /tˤɑrtˤeʃ-/ "to defile, stain" (Syr) (SL 289) -8.119 /tˤɔs-/ "to fly around" (Targum, Gal, PTarg, Sam, Syr, JBA, Man) (Syr 271) -Argobba /ʔɑnnəs-/ "to be small" (AD 192) -8.1 /ʔɑnəttʼəs-/ "to sneeze" (AD 192) -2.2.1.*/ʔis(ɑt)/ → /ʔɨsɑd/, /ʔɨsɑt/ "fire" (AD 193) -2.2.1.4 /ʔɑssɨr/ "ten" (AD 193) -2.2.2.4 /bələs/ "fig tree" (AD 195) -2.2.3.6 /bəssəl-/ "to be ripe, cook" (AD 196) -2.2.1.12 /bettʼəs-/ "to pull out" (AD 196) -8.11 /dims/ "honey" (AD 198) -2.2.1.18 /fərəs/, /fərəz/ "horse" (AD 200) -2.2.1.41 /ʔɑsgəss-/ "to belch" (AD 203) -8.14 /hɑffəs-/ "to take a handful" (AD 204) -2.2.2.10 /kərs/, /kəss/, /hərs/ "abdomen, belly" (AD 209) -2.2.2.12 /kʼəst/ "arrow, bow" (AD 214) -2.2.1.45 /ləbbəs-/, /ləwəs-/ "to dress, wear" (AD 210) -2.Eblaite 285 /kʼɑːɬɑʕ/ "dry" (CCG 60) -8.47 /kʼɑɬʼoːb/ "to cut" (CCG 61) -4.12.4.2 /ləʃiːn/ "tongue" (CCG 53) -4.12.4.2 /nəkoːɬ/ "to extract a thorn" (CCG 63) -2.2.2.20, 8.36 /rih/, /reh/ "head" (Gaspraini 2018:49, CCG 52) -2.2.1.46, 4.12.4.2 /sɑʕ/, /sɑːʕ/ "nine.f" (CCG 71, Gasparini 2018:106) -4.12.4.3 /sokf/ "to sit back on one heel" (CCG 64) -8.73 " (Gasparini 2018:100) -8.108 /ɬəl/, /ɬoːl/ "to carry, take" (CCG 60) -8.75 /ɬliːθ/ "three.f" (Gasparini 2018:106), /ɬoːweːθ/ (CCG 50) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 /ɬete/ "winter" (CCG 58) -2.2.2.73 /ɬχɑːf/ "to drink milk", /ɬχɑːf/ "milk" (CCG 51, 61) -8.114 /tɑjh/, /tɑjʔ/, /tɑːjəh/ "adult male goat" (CCG 52) -4.12.4.2 /təɬ/ "light rain, shower" (CCG 56) -8.119 /χɑːmməh/ "five.f" (CCG 50), /χɑːmɑh/ (Gasparini 2018:106), /χɑːm/ "five (days) (ibid:107) -2.Eblaite <BA-ZI-LUM> "message bringer?" (VE 201b) -8.9 <DAL-DA-I-BÙ> "to pull" (Catagnoti 2012:224, VE 74) -2.2.3.43 <É-SA-WA-NU> "grass" (VE 301) -8.130 <É-ZU-UM> "grass" (VE 284) -8.130 <GA-MA-ZU-UM> "to prostrate" (VE 526) -8.23 <GI-DA-SUM 6 > "neck?" (Krebernik 1983:37) -8.25 <GU-ZI-TUM> "a cloak" (Catagnoti 2012:205) -8.29 <GÚ-ZI-TUM> "to cut up, chop" (VE 404, see also Hajouz 2013:462) -8.28 <Ì-RÍ-SA-TUM> "desire" (VE 224), see also VE (80, 577), Hajouz (2013:45) -8.2 <I-ŠA-WU> "to be" (VE 624, 789) -3.10 <ÍS-TUM> "foundation" (VE 1375) -8.121 <MU-TÁ-BAR-SI-Ù-TUM> "abundant (said of water)?" (VE 640, 993, Kogan and Krebernik 2020:685) -8.46 <SA-ʔÀ-LUM> "to sharpen" (VE 1135) -8.69 <SA-NA> "sandal" (VE 1323, see also Hajouz (2013:857) -8.51 <SI-GA-BÚ-UM> "to go to bed" (VE 1132) -8.73 <SU-MA> "if" (Kogan and Krebernik 2021a:897) -3.5 <ŠA-LA-TUM> "booty" (VE 1093) -8.<WA-ZI-GÚ-UM> "date-palm fibers?" (VE 174) -8.38 <ZA-RA-SA-TUM> "chip of tooth?" (Conti 1990:110) -2.*/ʔis(ɑt)/ → /sɑt/, /sɑtwi/ "fire" (GD 172) -2.2.1.4 /dɨbs/, /dɨbsə/ "honey" (GD 151) -2.2.1.18 /ləbəs-/ "to dress oneself" (GD 160) -2.2.1.25Ge'ez /ʔɑbbɑs-/ "to feed, fatten, satiate" (CDG 6) -2.*/ʔws/ "to give" →(?) /nɑːstɑː/, /nɑːstɑ/, /nɑːśtɑː/ "gift, present" (CDG 403) - 2.2.1.6 /tɑʔɑwɑs-/ "to be spilled, diluted" (CDG 48) -2.2.1.7 /ʕɑriś/ "hut, tent" (CDG 71) -2.2.2.2 /ʕɑsɑb-/ "to hire for wages" (CDG 72) -2.2.3.5 /ʕɑsɑkʼ-/, /ʕɑśɑkʼ-/ "to weave" (CDG 73) -8.5 /ʕɨśr/ "ten" (CDG 73) -2.2.2.4 /ʕɑśśɑr-/ "to invite" (CDG 73) -2.2.2.3 /ʕɑt ͡ śʼɑd-/ "to reap, mow" (CDG 58) -2.3.3.2.1 /ʕɑt ͡ sʼɑf-/ "to bend, fold up, double" (CDG 74) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʕɨt ͡ ś/ "tree, shrub, bush" (CDG 57) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʕɑtʼɑs-/ "to sneeze" (CDG 77) -2.2.1.9 /ʕɑzɑkʼ-/ "to dig, drill; to become marshland" (CDG 81) -8.5 /bɨʔs-/ "to be bad" (CDG 82) -2.2.1.10 /bɑlɑs/ "fig tree" (CDG 97) -2.2.3.6 /bɑsɑl-/ "to be cooked, to be ripe" (CDG 109) -2.2.1.12 /bɨsɨm/, /bisɑm/ "balsam plant" (CDG 110) -2.2.2.6 /ʔɑbsɑr-/, /bɑśɑr-/, /bɑśśɑr-/ "to announce goot tidings" (CDG 110) -8.Ge'ez 287 /bɑːsor/ "flesh" (?) (CDG 110) -2.2.2.7 /bɑtʼɑs-/ "to break, cut off" (CDG 114) -8.11 /bɑt ͡ sʼʕ-/, /bɑt ͡ śʕ-/ "to value, esteem" (CDG 111) -2.3.3.2.1 /bɑt ͡ śʼʕ-/ "to vow" (CDG 88) -2.3.3.2.1 <dbs> "honey" (Epigraphic) (CDG 122) -2.2.1.18 /tɑdɑħɑs-/ "to be trampled" (CDG 128) -8.13 /dɑmɑs-/ "to cover, hide" (CDG 136) -2.2.3.*/dws/ → /dɑsɑj-/ "to step on, trample" (CDG 145) -2.2.1.19 /dɑss-/ "to hide, conceal" (CDG 145) -2.2.3.9 /dɨχt ͡ śʼ-/ "to slide" (CDG 128) -8.13 /fɑħɑs-/ "to spind (thread), twist" (CDG 157) -2.2.3.26 /fɑlɑs-/ "to depart, go over to" (CDG 160) -2.2.3.27 /fɑrɑs/ "horse" (CDG 166) -2.2.1.41 /fɑrɑs-/ "to be demolished, destroyed" (CDG 167) -2.2.3.28 /tɑfɑśśɨħ-/ "to rejoice" (CDG 168) -2.2.2.28 /fɑwwɑs-/ "to heal, cure" (CDG 172) -8.92 /gɑrɑś-/ "to eat powdery or grainy food" (CDG 203) -2.2.2.9 /gɑsɑs-/, /gɑśɑś-/ "to touch, feel" (CDG 204) -2.2.1.17 /g w ɑśʕ-/ "to belch" (CDG 205) -8.14 /ħɑbbɑs-/ "to imprison" (CDG 225) -2.2.1.20 /ħɑfɑś-/ "to sweep up, take a handful" (CDG 227) -2.2.2.10 /ħɑrɑs-/ "to practice sorcery" (CDG 243) -2.2.1.22 /ħɑsɑb-/ "to think" (CDG 244) -2.2.1.100*/ħɬ/ → /ħɑːssɑ/, /ħɑssɑ/ "God forbid" (CDG 244) -2.2.2.11 /jɑbs-/ "to be dry" (CDG 626) -2.2.1.23 /kɨlʔe/ "two" (CDG 282) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kɑmɑs-/ "to deprive oneself of food" (CDG 286) -8.23, footnote 113 /kɑmosɑs-/ "to smile; to be somewhat serious" (CDG 286) -8.23, footnote 1130 /kɑnnɑs-/ "to assemble" (CDG 288) -8.24 /kɑrś/ "belly, stomach" (CDG 294) -2.2.2.12 /kɨsɑːd/, /kɨśɑːd/ "neck" (CDG 296) -8.25 /ʔɑksɑm-/ "to dedicate" (CDG 296) -8.28 /k w ɨsk w ɨs/ "pitcher, pot" (CDG 296) -2.2.2.31 /k w ɑśk w ɑś-/ "to be speckled" (CDG 297) -2.2.2.13*/mss/ → /mɑrsɑs-/ "to grope for" (CDG 360) -2.2.1.33 /mɑsħ-/ "to anoint" (CDG 363) -2.2.1.31 /mɑsɑk-/ "to drag" (CDG 364) -2.2.1.32 /mɑsɑw-/ "to melt (tr.), dissolve" (CDG 368) -2.2.3.19 /nɨʔs-/ "to be small, slight" (CDG 381) -8.1 /nɑfs/ "soul, spirit" (CDG 389) -2.2.1.36 /nɑgś-/ PC /-ngɨś-/ "to become king, ruler" (CDG 392) -2.2.2.18 /nɑːħs/, /nɑħɑs/, /nɨħɑːs/ "copper, brass" (CDG 395) -2.2.1.35 /nɑkʼɑs-/ "to pluck away, extract" (CDG 400) -2.2.2.20 /nɑssɨħ-/ "to repent" (CDG 402) -2.2.2.22 /nɑsɑj-/ "to be forgotten; to forget" (CDG 403) -2.2.1.37 /nɑsɑkʼ-/ "to arrange in order, join closely" (CDG 403) -2.2.3 /nɨsr/ "eagle, vulture, hawk" (CDG 403) -2.2.1.39 /nɑss-/, /nɑsɑs-/ "to sway, move, shake" (CDG 403) -8.41 /nɑsɑw-/ "to try, tempt" (CDG 403) -2.2.3.24 /nɑśʔ-/ "to take, seize" (CDG 404) -2.2.2.21 /nɑśɑg-/, /nɑsg-/, /nɑsɑg-/ "to bolt the door" (CDG 404) -2.2.3.21, 8.38 /nɑśɑt-/ "to destroy" (CDG 404) -8.42 /nɑt ͡ śʼɑr-/, /nɑt ͡ sʼɑr-/ "to rip up" (CDG 387) -8.40 /rɨʔs/ "head" (CDG 458) -2.2.1.46 /rɑsʕ-/ "to neglect, act impiously, be wicked" (CDG 473) -2.2.1.48 /rɑsħ-/ "to be wet" (CDG 474) -2.2.2.35 /rɑsn-/ "to glow; to be heated" (CDG 474) -2.2.2.33 /sɑʔɑb-/ "to follow" (CDG 480) -8.50 /sɑʔɑl-/, /sɨʔl-/ "to ask" (CDG 480) -2.2.1.49 /sɑʕɑl-/ "to cough (CDG 481) -8.55 /sɑbbɨʕ-/ "to bewitch" (CDG 483) -8.57 /sɑbb-/, /sɑbɑb-/ "to go around, circle" (CDG 483) -2.2.3.39 /sɑbbɨħ-/ "to praise" (CDG 483) -2.2.1.50 /sɑbɑkʼ-/ "to leave" (CDG 484) -2.2.1.53*/s?bk/ → /sɑbɑkʼ/ "to plant close together" (CDG 484) (?) -8.60 /sɨbtʼ/ "pointed rod" (CDG 485) -2.2.1.54 /sɑdɑr-/ "to put in order" (CDG 486) -2.2.3 /sɨds/ "six" (CDG 486) -3.11 /sɑfɑf-/ "to float" (CDG 487) -2.2.1.76 /sɑfħ-/ "to stretch forth, expand" (CDG 487) -2.2.3.53 /sɑfɑj-/ "to sew, mend" (CDG 490) -8.92*/swʔ/ "bad" → /sɑjʔ-/ "to commit a disgraceful act" (CDG 521) -2.2.1.89 /sɑjl/ "foetus" (CDG 522) -8.74 /sɑkɑb-/, /sɑkb-/ "to lie down" (CDG 496) -8.73 /sɑkɑw-/ "to look, observe" (CDG 498) -2.2.2.55 /sɑkr-/ "to be drunk" (CDG 497) -2.2.1.61 /tɑsɑk w r-/, /tɑsɑk w ʼr-/ "to become red-hot from a blazing fire" (CDG 497, 510) -/sɑmɑːj/ "heaven, sky" (CDG 504) -2.2.1.69 /sɑmɑk-/ "to lean on, take refuge" (CDG 502) -2.2.3.50 /sɑnbɨl/, /sɑnbɑl/ "ear of grain" (CDG 505) -2.2.1.52 /səmbɑːħ/, /sɑnbuʔ/, /sɑnbuʕ/ "lung" (CDG 502, 505) -2.2.3.51 /sɑːnɨj/ "the next day", /sɑnuj/ "the second day of the week or month, two days" (CDG 509) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /sɨnn/ "tooth" (CDG 504) -2.2.1.73 /sɑkʼɑj-/ "to irrigate" (CDG 511) -2.2.1.77 /sɑkʼɑl-/ "to hang" (CDG 509) -2.2.1.78 /tɑsɑk w ʼɑk w ʼ-/, /tɑsɑkk w ʼ-/ "to covet" (CDG 510) -8.111 /sɑrg-/ PC /-srɨg-/ "to intertwine" (CDG 512) -2.2.2.64 /sɑrɑkʼ-/ "to steal" (CDG 514) -2.2.1.81 /sɑrsɑr-/ "to saw" (CDG 514) -8.40, footnote 120 /ʔɑnsosɑw-/ "to walk about" (CDG 517) -8.102 /tɑsɑːtɑf-/ "to share" (CDG 517) -2.2.1.86 /sɑtj-/ "to drink" (CDG 518) -2.2.1.84 /sɑtɑr-/ "to hide, conceal" (CDG 518) -2.2.3.54 /sɑtt-/ "to be straight, level, flat" (CDG 518) -2.2.3.55 /sɑtʼħ-/ "to spread, stretch" (CDG 518) -2.2.1.87 /sotʼ-/ "to flow, pour" (CDG 521) -8.119, footnote 136 /sɑwtʼ/ "whip" (CDG 521) -2.2.1.90 /śɑːʔn/ "shoe, sandal" (CDG 524) -8.51 /śɨʕɨrt/ "hair of body" (CDG 525) -2.2.2.38*/ɬʕr/ → /śɨrnɑj/ "wheat" (CDG 534) (?) -2.2.2.39 /śɨbħ/ "fat" (CDG 525) -2.2.2.42 /śɑgɑr-/ "to ensnare, to catch in a net" (CDG 526) -2.2.2.64, 8.66 /śɑːhr/ "moon, first day of the month" (CDG 528) -2.2.2.47 /śɨħt ͡ sʼ-/ "to be insolent, arrogant" (CDG 528) -8.115 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 290 /śeb-/ "turn grey (hair)" (CDG 539) -2.2.2.50 /śem-/ "to set, put" (CDG 539) -2.2.2.51 /śɑkkʼ/ "sack-cloth" (CDG 532) -2.2.2. /śɑkɑr-/ "to hire" (CDG 529) -2.2.2.62 /śɑlɑːs/ "three" (CDG 529) -2.2.2, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 /śɑlɑːsɑː/ "thirty" (CDG 529) -4.12.6.2 /śɑnɑkʼ-/ "to prepare provisions for a journey" (CDG 531) -8.85 /śɑrʕ-/ "to set, establish" (CDG 532) -2.2.2.63 /śɑrɑb-/, /sɑrɑb-/ "to drink" (CDG 533) -8.100 /śɑrɑm-/, /sɑrɑm-/ "to dig deep" (CDG 534) -8.99 /śɑrɑkʼ-/ "to rise (star); to shine" (CDG 534) -2.2.2.68 /śɑrr-/ "to be high, tall" (?) (CDG 534) -2.2.2.69 /śɑrɑt ͡ sʼ-/, /śɑrt ͡ sʼ-/, /śɑrɑt ͡ śʼ-/ "to germinate, sprout" (CDG 535) -8.101*/tʼwɬ/ → /tʼɑws/ "eagle" (?) -2.2.2.81 /t ͡ sʼom/ "a fast" (CDG 566) -2.1 /t ͡ sʼɨhkʼ-/ "to desire" (CDG 551) -8.111, footnote 132 /t ͡ śʼɨʕb/ "hyena" (CDG 542) -2.3.3.2.2, 3.3 /t ͡ śʼɨbʕ/ "hyena" (CDG 147) -2.3.3.2.2, 3.3 /t ͡ śʼɑːk w /, /t ͡ sʼɑːk w / "thigh" (CDG 149) -8.93 /t ͡ śʼɨrs/ "molar tooth" (CDG 153) -2.2.1.93 /ʔɑwħɑs-/ "to lend" (CDG 610) -2.2.2.82 /wɑsɑd-/ "to take, to lead" (CDG 619) -8.121 /wɑsjɨd/ "pillow" (CDG 620) -8.121 /wɨstʼ/ "middle" (CDG 620) -2.2.1.98 /χɑms/, /χɨms/ "five.f" (CDG 262) -2.2.1.100 /χɑsr-/ "to be disgraced, brought low" (CDG 265) -2.2.3.60 /χɑśʕ-/ "to be calm" (CDG 266) -2.2.2.83 /χɑśɑf-/ "to peel, scratch" (CDG 266) -8.129 10. Gurage 291 /χɨśɑf/ "itch, boil" (CDG 266) -8.123 /χɑśɑś-/ "to seek" (CDG 266) -2.2.2.84 /zɑngɨʕ-/ "to be mad" (CDG 640) -8.63Gurage /ʔɨmbossɑ/ (Sod) /ʔɨmbossə/ (Wol) /ʔimboːssɑ/ (Sil) "young calf" (EDG III:46) -8.1 /ʔɑmɨst/ (Cha, Ezh), /ʔɑmmɨst/ (Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod, Sil, Wol, Zay), /ʔɑmʔɨst/ (Enn, Gye), /ʔɑ ːwɨst/, /ʔɑ ːst/ (End) "five" (EDG III:52) -2.2.1.100*/ħpɬ/ → /ʔɑfəs-/ (Cha, Enn, End, Gye), /ʔɑffəs-/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod), /ʔɑ fəs-/ (Wol), /ʔɑmfəs-/ (Sil, Zay) "to scoop up a large quantity of grain or flour or earth with both hands" (EDG III:22) -2.2.2.10 /ʔɑnəs-/ "to be small, little" (Cha, Enn, End, Gye, Sil, Wol, Zay), /ʔɑnnəs-/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod) (EDG III:73) -8.1 /ʔɨsɑt/ "fire" (EDG III:98) -2.2.1.4 /ʔɑʃən/ (Zay), /ʔɑʃnɑ/ (Sil) "leather sandal" (EDG III:100) -8.51 /bɑʔɑs-/ (Enn, End, Gye), /bɑs-/ (Cha, Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod), /bɑːs-/ (Sil) "to be bad" (EDG III:129) -2.2.1.10 /bəsəl-/ (Sil, Wol, Zay), /bəssəl-/ (Mes, Gog, Sod), /bəsər-/ (Cha, Enn, Gye), /bəssər- / (Ezh, End), /bəsse-/ (Muh) "to be ripe; to be cooked" (EDG III:159) -2.2.1.12 /bəsər/ "meat, flesh" (EDG III:159) -2.2.1.7 /bətʼəs-/ "to break off by pulling" (Zay) (EDG III:166) -8.11 /dəbəs-/ "to dilute honey with water" (Wol, Zay) (EDG III:197) -2.2.1.18 /dələs-/ (Sil, Wol, Zay), /dəlləs-/ (Mes) "to be late" (EDG III:206) -2.2.3.7 /dəwəs-/ (Sil, Wol), /dəwwəs-/ (Sod), /dos-/ (Mes, Gog), /d ͡ ʒos-/ (Cha, Ezh), /d ͡ ʒoːs-/Gye), /d ͡ ʒoɑs-/ (Muh) "to crush, mistreat" (EDG III:224) -2.2.1.19 /ʔɑgəsɑ-/ "to belch" (Cha, Gye, Zay), /ʔɑgəsɑs-/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod), /ʔɑtges-/ (Wol), /ʔɑtgeːs-/ (Sil) /ʔɑgəssɑʔ-/ (End), /ʔɑgəzɑ-/ (Enn) (EDG III:297) - 8.14 /kɨbəsəs-/ (Cha, Wol) /kɨvəsəs-/ (Gye), /kɨvəsəs-/, /kɨməsəs/ (Enn), /kɨbəssəs-/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod), /kɨvəssəs-/, /kɨwəssəs-/ (End), /kibəsəs-/ (Sil) "to disentangle fiber" (EDG III:335) -8.21 /k w ett/, /h w ett/ "two" (Gog), /kitt/, /hitt/ (Sod), /x w et/ (Cha, Gye, Mes), /x w ett/ (Ezh, Muh), /h w et/ (Mes), /hojt/ (Wol, Zay), /wərʔet/ (Enn, End), /hurʔet/ (End), /oːʃt/ (Sil) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kʼəməs-/ "to taste" (Cha, Enn, End, Gye, Sil, Wol, Zay), /kʼəmməs-/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod) (EDG III:482) -8.27 /m w əsɑ/ (Cha, Enn, Gye), /m w əssɑ/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod), /mossɑ/ (Sod), /mosə/ (End) "calf" (EDG III:425) -8.1 /mɨskət/ "back of body" (Sil, Wol, Zay) (EDG III:428) -8.32 /səbər-/ (Sil, Wol, Zay), /səbbər-/ (Ezh, Muh, Mes, Gog, Sod), /səpər-/ (Cha, Enn, Gye), /səppər-/ (End) "to break" (EDG III:532) -4.12.5.2 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 292 /sef-/ (Cha, Enn, Gye), /seff-/ (Ezh, End, Mes, Gog), /sefe-/ (Wol), /səf-/ (Zay), /səff-/ (Muh), /səfe-/, /sofe-/ (Sil), /siff-/ (Sod) "to sew" (EDG III:537) -8.92 /səkʼəl-/ (Sil, Wol, Zay), /səkkʼəl-/ (Sod), /səkʼər-/ (Cha, Gye), /səkkʼər-/ (Ezh, Mes), /səkkʼe-/ (Gog, Muh), /səʔər-/ (Enn), /səʔən-/ (End) (EDG III:556) "to hang up; to climb a tree" -2.2.1.78 /suto/ "flesh of back above the hip" (Sil) (EDG III:566) (from Cushitic?) -2.2.1.83 /uʃt/ "waist" (End) (EDG III:102) -2.2.1.83 /təsɑl-/ (Mes, Wol, Zay), /təsɑːl-/ (Sil), /təʃɑl-/ (Sod), /təsɑr-/ (Cha, Ezh), /təsɑʔɑr-/ Enn, End, Gye), /təse-/ (Gog, Muh) "to ask, question, beg, implore" (EDG III:542) - 2.2.1.49 /sɑl/ "coughing" (Gog, Sod) (EDG III:542) -8.55 /sɑlɑ/, /sɑrɑ/ "razor", /sɨlət/ "sharp edge (of knife)" (EDG III:542, 544) -8.69 /sɨnkʼ/ "provisions for travel" (End, Gog, Sod) (EDG III:553) -8.85 /sɨrɑkət-/ (Enn, Gye, Cha), /sɨrɑkkət-/ (Muh, Ezh) "to put in disorder" (EDG III:560) -4.12.5.2 /ʃiːf/ (Enn, Cha, Ezh, Gye), /ʃiff/ (End), /ʃɨff/ (Muh) "clumps of butter coming out of the holes in the pot when the milk is being churned; the first stage of churning" (EDG III:573) -8.114 /ʃɑl-/ (Mes, Wol), /ʃɑːl-/ (Sil) "to plane wood" (EDG III:577) -8.69 /ʃɨl/ (Mes), /ʃɨr/ (Muh), /ʃɨrɨr/ (Cha, Ezh, Enn), /siːr/ (Gye) "embryo" (EDG III:577) - 8.74 /ʃɨnfɨl/ (Gog, Sod), /ʃɨnfɨllɑ/ (Zay) "small stomach of ruminants" (EDG III:581) - 8.87 /ʃerəm-/ (Wol), /ʃeːrəm-/ (Sil) "to grind corn" (Wol, Sil) (EDG III:585) -8.99 /tʼikkʼ bɑrə/ "to spit in spurt" (Muh, End, Zay, Enn, Ezh) (EDG III:627) -8.67, footnote 123 /tʼis bɑrə/ (Cha, Enn, Gye), /tʼiss bɑlə/ (Ezh, Muh) /tʼistʼis bɑlə/ (Cha, Ezh, Enn, Gye, Muh) "to drip, trickle in drops" (EDG III:634) -8.119 /t ͡ ʃəmbɑ/ (Enn, Gye), /t ͡ ʃəmbə/ (End) "sole of foot serving as measure" (EDG III:173, see SED I:241) -2.2.2.52 11. Ħadramitic <ʕs₂rj> "twenty" (DASI) -2.2.2.4 <ʕs₃b> "salary", /ʕθb/ "to hire" (DASI) -2.2.3.5 <gjs₂> "troops" (DASI) -2.*/prs/ "horse"→ <ʔfrs₁n> "cavalry" (DASI) -2.Harari /ʔɑnəs-/ "to be little, less" (EDH 29) -8.1 /ʔɨsɑt/, /ʔisɑt/ "fire" (EDH 34) -2.2.1.4 /ʔɑʃiːn/ "shoe" (EDH 35) -8.51 /bəsəl-/ "to be ripe; to be cooked" (EDH 47) -2.2.1.12 /biʃɑːrɑ/ "good news" (EDH 48) (Arabism) -8.9 /bətʼəs/ "to break by pulling" (EDH 48) -8.11 /duːs/ "honey" (EDH 59) -2.2.1.18 /giziʔ ʔɑːʃɑ/ "to belch" (EDH 77) -8.14 /koʔot/, /koːt/ "two" (EDH 90) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /miskət/ "buttocks" (EDH 112) -8.32 /səf-/ "to sew" (EDH 137) -8.92 /sɨnkʼi/ "provisions" (EDH 141) -8.85 /ʃɑggɑːʔ/ "brave" (EDH 145) -8.63/hoːbɑ/ "seven.f" (ĦL 49, CCG 35) -3.11, 4.12.4.2 /hoːfel/ "belly" (ĦL 50) -8.87 /hem/ "name" (ĦL 52), /hɑmm/ (CCG 35) -4.12.4.2 /hoːmɑ/ "to hear" (ĦL 51) -2.2.1.68, 4.12.4.2 /heroːkʼ/ "to steal" (ĦL 52) -2.2.1.81, 4.12.4.2 /hɑtteh/ "six" (ĦL 53) -3.11 /hwoːb/ "to warm at a fire" (ĦL 53) -8.58 /ħefoːɬ/ "to collect" (ĦL 56) -2.2.2.10 /ħerih/ "head" (ĦL 101), /ħɑrih/ (CCG 37) -2.2.1.46, 4.12.4.2 /ħɑːreɬ/ "to tell tales on someone" (ĦL 61) -8.20 /ħeɬeɬ/ "twig, grass" (ĦL 62) -8.130 /ħewer/ "black" (ĦL 64) -8.70 /jemʃi/ "yesterday" (ĦL 2) -4.12.4.3 /kɑbɬ/ "lamb" (ĦL 66) -8.22 /keloː/ "both" (ĦL 67) -4.12.6.1, footnote 96 /kemoːh/ "to reduce someone to shamed silence" (ĦL 68) -8.23 /kensiːd/ "shoulder" (ĦL 69) -8.25 /kesoː/ "to clothe" (ĦL 70) -8.29 /kʼedər/ "pot" (ĦL 73) -4.12.4.1 /kʼeʃʼoːb/ "to cut, cut off" (ĦL 79) -4.12.4.2 /kʼɑjɬɑ/, /kʼɑwɬɑ/ "to be dry" (ĦL 79, CCG 42) -8.47 /leːʃen/ "tongue" (ĦL 85), /lɑʃiːn/ (CCG 37) -4.12.4.2 /ɑnkoːs/ "to lie ill" (ĦL 96) -8.44 /nesoːg/ "to snatch" (ĦL 97) -8.38 /seːʔ/, /seʕɑjt/ "nine" (ĦL 108), /sɑʕ/, /sɑːʕeːt/ (CCG 95) -2.2.1.95, 3.11 4.12.4.3 /seħɑːl/ "to grind a knife; to scratch" (ĦL 110) -8.69 /sem/ "poison" (ĦL 111) -8.78 /ʃebdeːt/ "liver" (ĦL 123) -4.12.4.1 /ʃehɑwkʼ/, /ʃehɑːkʼ/ "to have hiccups" (ĦL 124) -8.67 /meʃmeːʕ/ "ear" (ĦL 124) -4.12.4.2, footnote 94 /meʃχɑwt/ "armpit" (ĦL 125, CCG 38) -8.116 /hɑʃʼbɑʔ/ "finger" (ĦL 126) -4.12.4.2 /ɬoːm/ "to sell, to buy" (ĦL 117) -8.108 /ɬeboːk/ "to make a snare" (ĦL 118) -8.60 /ɬelɑjɬ/, /ɬɑfɑjt/ "three" (ĦL 120) -2.5, 3.11 /ɬel/, /ɬeloːl/ "to carry, take away" (ĦL 120, CCG 43) -8.75*/ɬjm/ → /ɬem/ "to keep, retain" (ĦL 120) -2.2.2.51 /ɬenoːkʼ/ "to hang" (ĦL 120) -8.84 /meɬriːm/ "hare-lipped" (ĦL 121) -2.2.2.66 /ɬetew/ "winter" (ĦL 122) -2.2.2.73 /eɬtoːkʼ/ "to long for" (ĦL 122) -8.111 /ɬeχɑːf/ "to drink milk", /ɬχoːf/ "milk" (ĦL 122, CCG 36, 43) -8.114 14. Hebrew 295 /ɬʼɑːf/ "to be tired" (ĦL 150) -2.3.3.2.2 /tɑːjeh/ "fully grown he-goat" (ĦL 128) -2.2.1.94, 4.12.4.2 /θemoːni/ "eight.f" (ĦL 132), /θɑmoːniː/ (CCG 35) -3.11 /tʼeɬ/ "light rain" (ĦL 131) -8.119 /wesɑːdeh/ "pillow" (ĦL 137) -8.121 /χɑjmeh/ "five" (ĦL 141), χɑjmɑ (CCG 35) -2.2.1.100, 4.12.4.2 /χeʃoːl/ "to make a hole in" (ĦL 143) -8.126Hebrew /ʔɔbɑs-/ "to be fattened" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 76), /ʔebus/ "feeding trough" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 18), MH /eevis-/ "to forcefully feed an animal" (flowery) -2.2.3.1 /ʔiʃ/ "man" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 43-44), MH /iʃ/ "person" -2.2.1.1 /ʔiʃɔ(t)/ "brushwood" (RH) (BY 200) -8.19 /ʔim/ "if" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 60-61) -3.5 /ʔnoʃ/ "man" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 70), MH /bɑt enoʃ/, /ben enoʃ/ "human", /enoʃut/ "humanity" -2.2.1.2 /ʔɔnuʃ/ "weak, sickly" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 70), MH /ɑnuʃ/ "critical, fatal" -8.1 /ʔirreś/, /ʔirres/"to betroth" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 91), MH /itɑʁes-/ "to get engaged, to be engaged", /ɑʁus/ "fiancé", /ɑʁusɑ(t)/ "fiancée" -8.2 /ʔrɛʃɛt/ "desire" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 92), MH /ɑʁeʃet/ "facial expression" -8.2 /ʔɔsɔm/ "storehouse" (BHeb on.), /ʔsm/ "to gather" (EpigHeb) (HALOT 73-74, DNSI 88), MH /ɑsɑm/ "barn" -8.4 /ʔɔsɑp-/ "to gather" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 74-75), MH /ɑsɑf-/ "to collect, gather" - 2.2.3.2 /ʔɔsɑr-/ "to bind" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 75), MH /ɑsuʁ/ "forbidden", /ɑsiʁ/ "prisoner" -2.2.3.3 /ʔeʃ/ "fire" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 92), MH /eʃ/ also "awesome" (slang) -2.2.1.4 /ʔɔʃed/ "slope" (BHeb) (HALOT 93), MH /eʃed/ "cascade" (flowery) -8.121 <ʔʃwjtjh> [ʔɔʃjoθɛhɔ] "its.f towers" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 94-95), Babylonian tradition [ʔɔʃijɔθɑhɔ] "its.f tower" (Yeivin 1985:1053), MH /uʃiɑ(t)/, /oʃiɑ(t)/ "important person, 'pillar' (of community)" -8.3, footnote 151 /ʔɛʃɛk/ "testicle" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 95, BY 416), MH /ɑʃɑχ/ -2.2.1.3 /ʔiʃʃeʃ-/ "to found" (RH on.) (BY 435), MH /iʃeʃ-/ "to corroborate", /itoʃeʃ-/ to recuperate" -2.2.1.5 /ʔɔz/ "then" (HALOT 26), MH /ɑz/ -3.9 /ʕɛrɛś/ "bed" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 889), MH /ʃir eʁes/ "lullaby (lit. song of bed"), ɑʁisɑ(t)/ "cradle" -2.2.2.2 /ʕɛśɛb/ "herbage, weed" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 889), MH /esev/ -2.2.2.3 /hitʕɑśśeq-/, later /ʕɔsɑq-/ "to be engaged, occupied with" (BHeb hapax, RH on.)HALOT 894, BY 4611), MH /ɑsɑk-/, /itɑsek-/ "to be occupied, employed, 'to mess with'" -8.5 /ʕɛśɛr/ "ten.f" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 894), MH /eseʁ/ -2.2.2.4 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 296 /ʕeṣ/ "tree, wood" (BHeb on.) (BY 4627) -2.3.3.2.2 /mɑˤṣɔd/ "tool" (twice in BHeb), "axe" (RH) (HALOT 615, BY 3190) -2.3.3.2.2 /ʕɔṣɑm-/ "to close (eye)" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 868-869) -3.3 /ʕɔʃ/ "nest?" (BHeb hapax) (BY 4751) cj. "hut" -8.7 /ʕɔʃ/ "moth" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 895), MH /ɑʃ/ -8.7 /ʕɑʃte ʕɔśɔr/, /ʕɑʃte ʕɛśre/ "eleven" (BHeb) (HALOT 898-899) -2.2.1.8 /hitʕɑttˤeʃ-/ "to sneeze" (RH on.) (BY 4431), MH /itɑteʃ-/ -2.2.1.9 /ʕizzeq-/ "to dig" (BHeb hapax, RH) (HALOT 810, BY 4411) -8.5 /hibʔiʃ-/ "to stink" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 107), MH /boeʃ/ "skunk" -2.2.1.10 /bɔħɑʃ-/ "to stir" (RH on.) (BY 510), MH /bɑχɑʃ-/, /livχoʃ/ -2.2.1.11 /boles/ "picker of sycamore figs" (BHeb) (HALOT 134) -2.2.3.6 /bosɛr/ "unripe fruit" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 141), MH /boseʁ/ "premature, unripe"- 8.10 /bɔṣɑʕ-/ "to cut off, break away" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 147-148), MH /bɑt ͡ sɑ-/ "to break bread", /bit ͡ seɑ-/ "to perform, execute" -2.3.3.2.1 /mibṣɔr/ "secure position, fortification" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 542-543), MH /mivts ͡ ɑʁ/ -8.3 /bośɛm/ "balsam → perfume" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 163), MH /bosem/ also "cologne" -2.2.2.6 /biśśer-/ "to bring news" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 163-164), MH /biseʁ-/ -8.9 /bɔśɔr/ "flesh, meat" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 164), MH /bɑsɑʁ/ -2.2.2.7 /bɔʃel-/ "to grow ripe"; /biʃʃel-/ "to boil" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 164), MH /biʃel-/ "to cook", /evʃil/ "to ripen" -2.2.1.12 /dbɑʃ/ "honey" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 212-213), MH /dvɑʃ/ -2.2.1.18 /dħɔsɔ(t)/ "pressure" (RH) (BY 917), MH /dɑχɑs-/ "to shove, cramp in" -8.13 /dlus/, /dlis/, /dɛlɛs/ "defect" (RH) (BY 942) -2.2.3.7 /dɔmus/ "hidden" (RH hapax) (BY 964) -2.2.3.8 /dɔrɑs-/ "to trample (RH on.) (BY 1003), MH /dɑʁɑs-/ "to run over (with a vehicle)" -8.12 /dɔʃ-/ "to thresh, trample down" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 218) -2.2.1.19 /gɔʕɑʃ-/ "to vomit loudly" (BHeb) (HALOT 200) -8.14 /gɔʕɑʃ-/ "to rumble" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 200), MH /goeʃ/ "stormy" -8.15 /gɑjis/ "troop" (RH on.) (BY 758), MH /gɑis/ -2.2.2.8 /gɔrɑs-/ "to grind" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 1885, BY 845), MH /gɑʁɑs-/ "to shred" -2.2.2.9 /girreʃ-/ "to drive (people) out" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1893), MH /giʁeʃ-/ "to expel", /itgɑʁeʃ-/ "to divorce" -2.2.1.13 /gɔsɑj-/ "to belch" (RH) (BY 817) -8.14 /gɛʃɛm/ "rain" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 205), MH /geʃem/ -2.2.1.14 /gɛʃɛr/ "bridge" (RH on.) (BY 857), MH /geʃeʁ/ -2.2.1.16 /giʃʃeʃ-/ "to grope" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 206, BY 858), MH /giʃeʃ-/ "to search carefully, scout for" -2.2.1.17 /hmɔsim/ "dry woods" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 251) -8.17 14. Hebrew 297 /hɔrɑs-/ "to tear down" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 256-257), MH /ɑʁɑs-/ "to ruin, destroy", /oʁes/ "smashing" (slang) -2.2.3.10 /ħɔbɑʃ-/ "to bind up" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 289), MH /χɑvɑʃ/ "to wear (a hat); to wrap a bandage" -2.2.1.20 /ħɔlɑʃ-/ "to be weakened" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 324), MH /χɑlɑʃ/ "weak" -2.2.1.21*/χls/ "to steal" → /ħɔlɑʃ-/ "to defeat" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 324), MH /χɑlɑʃ/ "to rule over; to have a view over" (flowery) (?) -2.2.1.99 /ħomɔ(t)/ "city wall" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 298), MH /χomɑ(t)/ "(city) wall" -8.3 /ħɔmɑs-/ "to treat violently" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 329) -2.2.3.58 /niħmɑs-/ "to be injured" (BHeb hapax) (BY 1626) -8.122 /hiħmiṣ-/ "to be leavened (dough); to be soured" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 329), MH /eχmit ͡ s-/ "to turn sour; to miss (a goal, an opportunity)" -2.3.3.2.1 /ħɔmeʃ/ "five" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 331), MH /χɑmeʃ/ -2.2.1.100 /ħippeś-/ "to search" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 341) -2.2.2.10 /ħippuʃit/ "beetle" (RH on.) (BY 1683), MH /χipuʃit/ -8.18 /ħɛrɛs/ "skin disease" (BHeb) (HALOT 355) -8.124 /ħɔrɑʃ-/ "to plot evil" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 357, BY 1786), MH /χɑʁɑʃ/ (flowery) - 8.20 /ħorɛʃ/ "forest" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 358), MH /χoʁeʃ/ -8.125 /ħrɔʃim/ "magic" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 358) -2.2.1.22 /ħɔs/ "far be it" (twice in RH) (NCW 2:82) -2.2.2.11 /ħissel-/ "to finish" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 338), MH /χisel-/ "to finish; to wipe out, eliminate" -8.126 <ḪA-SÍ-LU> "they were put to an end" (Amrn) (DNSI 391) -8.126 /ħɔsɑm-/ "to muzzle, to block" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 338), MH /χɑsɑm-/ "to block" -2.2.3.11 /ħɔson/ "strong" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 338, BY 1672-1673), MH /χɑson/ -1.2.4.12 /mħuspɔs/ "crackling" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 338), MH /meχuspɑs/ "coarse, rough (texture)" -8.123 /ħɔser-/ "to decrease" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 338), MH /χɑseʁ/ "lacking" -2.2.3.60 /ħɑsħos/, /ħɑsħus/ → /sħus/ "cartilage" (RH on.) (BY 1666, 4004), MH /sχus/ -MH /jiχes-/ "to attribute"; /itjɑχes-/ "to treat something (in a certain manner);to acknowledge, address" -2.2.2.82 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 298 /jɔrɑʃ-/ "to inherit" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 441-442) -4.12.3.4 /jɔsɑd/ "to found, establish" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 417), MH /ised-/ -4.12.3.4, 8.121 /jɔsɑp-/ "to add" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 418), MH /osif-/ "to add" /itvɑsef-/ "to be added" -2.2.3.57, 3.4 /jisser-/ "to teach; to chastize, rebuke" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 418), MH /iseʁ-/ "to torment" (flowery) -2.2.3.13, 4.12.3.4 /niṣṣɑb-/ "to take one's stand" (BHeb) (HALOT 714-715), MH /et ͡ siv/ "to set (a boundary)" -4.12.3.4 /hiṣṣig-/ "to place" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 427), MH /et ͡ sig-/ "to present" -4.12.3.4 /jɔṣɑq-/ "to cast" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 428) -4.12.3.4 /hiṣṣit-/ "to kindle" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 429) -4.12.3.4 /jeʃ/ "there is" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 443) -3.10 /jɔʃɑb-/ "to sit" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 447-448) -4.12.3.4 /jɔʃen-/ "to sleep" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 448) -2.2.1.97, 4.12.3.4 /jɔʃɑr-/ "to be straight" (BHeb on.) (HALOT449), MH /jɑʃɑʁ/̞ "straight"-2.2.1.24,*/wstʼ/ → /hoʃitˤ-/ (or alternatively */jɔʃɑtˤ-/) "to stretch out" (BHeb on.) (BY 2184), MH /oʃit-/ (?) -2.2.1.98 /kibbɛs-/, /kibbes-/ "to launder" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 459), MH /χibes-/ -8.21 /kɛbɛś/ "sheep" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 460), MH /keves/ -3.3, 8.22 /kɔbɑʃ-/ "to tread, conquer" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 460), MH /kɑvɑʃ-/, /liχboʃ/ -8.21 /kilʔɑjim/ "of two kinds" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 475), MH /ben kilɑim/ "hybrid" - 4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kɔnɑs-/ "to gather" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 484), MH /niχnɑs-/ "to enter" -8.24 /kirsem-/ "to eat away" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 499), MH also "to nibble" -8.27 /kɔreś/, later /kɔres/, /kɛrɛs/ "belly" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 500, BY BY 2524-2525, BY 2529), MH /keʁes/ "big belly, gut" (slang) -2.2.2.12 /kos/ "cup" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 4188) -2.2.3.14 /kɔsuħ-/ "cut off" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 489, BY 2461), MH /kiseɑχ/ "to mow", "to easily defeat, to crush" (slang) -8.26 /kissej-/ "to cover" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 487-488), MH /χisɑ-/, /kisɑ-/ -8.29 /kɛsɛl/ "loin, side" (BHeb) (HALOT 489) -2.2.3.16 /kɔsɑm-/ "to trim" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 490) -8.28 /kɛsɛp/ "silver, money" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 490-491), MH /kesef/ -2.2.3.17 /kɛśɛb/ "sheep" (BHeb) (HALOT 501) -3.3 /lɔbɑʃ-/, /lɔbeʃ-/ "to put on (a garment)" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 519-520), MH /lɑvɑʃ/ "to wear" -2.2.1.25 /lɔħɑʃ-/ "to whisper" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 527, BY 2664), MH /lɑχɑʃ-/ -2.1.29 /lɔtˤɑʃ-/ "to sharpen" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 528), MH /liteʃ-/ "to hone, to refine to perfection; to make final adjustments" -2.2.1.28 /lɔʃon/ "tongue" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 536), MH /lɑʃon/ -2.2.1.27 /mɔʔɑs-/ "to reject" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 540-541), MH /nimɑs-/ "to be sick and tired of" -8.30 14. Hebrew 299 /mɔkɑr-/ "to sell" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 581-582) -4.12.3.1 /mliʃɔ(t)/ "bald spot" (RH) (BY 3043) -2.2.1.30 /mirres-/ "to stir" (RH) (BY 3339) -2.2.3.18 /mɔsɑr-/ "to hand over" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 608), MH /mɑsɑʁ-/ also "to deliver" - 8.32 /himsij-/ "to cause to melt, to flood" (BHeb) (HALOT 604), /hemes/ "to melt" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 606-608), MH /nɑmɑs-/ "to melt" (from */mss/ in N-stem) -2.3.19 /miʃʕi/ "cleanliness" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 650), Babylonian tradition /mɑʃʕi/ (Yeivin 1985:1049) -8.31, footnotes 116, 152 /mɔʃɑħ-/ "to anoint" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 643-644), MH /miʃχɑ(t)/ "ointment" - 2.2.1.31 /mɔʃɑħ-/ "to measure" (RH) (BY 3366) -2.2.1.34 /mɔʃɑk-/ "to pull" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 645-646), MH /mɑʃɑχ-/ -2.2.1.32 /mɛʃɛk/ "leather pouch" (BHeb) (HALOT 646) -8.32 /miʃʃeʃ-/ "to touch" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 653), MH "to feel texture" -2.2.1.33 /nɔdɑr-/ "to vow" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 674) -3.2 /nɔgɑś-/ "to oppress, force to work" (BHeb) (HALOT 670) -2.2.2.18 /nɔħɔʃ/ "snake" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 690-691), MH /nɑχɑʃ/ -8.35 /nħoʃɛt/ "bronze" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 691), MH /neχoʃet/ "copper, brass" - 2.2.1.35 /nikkeʃ-/ "to weed" (RH on.) (BY 3673) -8.36 /nɔpɑs-/, /nippes-/ (RH) "to shake wool" (NCW 3:422) -2.2.2.19 /nɛpɛʃ/ "soul" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 711-713), MH /nefeʃ/ -2.2.1.36 /nɔqɑʃ-/ "to knock, strike" (RH on.) (BY 3810), MH /ekiʃ-/ also "to press (a key)" - 8.37 /nɔsɑʕ-/ "to journey further on" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 704), MH /nɑsɑ-/ "to travel; to ride; to drive" -2.2.3.20 /nɔsɑħ-/ "to tear down, drive away" (BHeb) (HALOT 702), MH /niseɑχ-/ "to phrase" -2.2.3.25 /nissej-/ "to put someone to the test; to tempt" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 702), MH /nisɑ- / "to try, attempt" -2.2.3.24 /nɔsɑk-/ "to pour" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 703) -2.2.3.22 /hitnoses-/ "to wave (intr.) (a flag)" (BHeb on.) (BY 3695) -8.41 /nɔśɑʔ-/ "to carry" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 724-727), MH /nɑsɑ-/ (flowery) -2.2.2.21 /hiśśig-/ "to collect, reach" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 727), MH /esig-/ "to achieve, procure" -8.38 /niśśɑq-/ "to catch fire" (BHeb hapax), /hiśśiq-/, later /hissiq-/ "to kindle fire" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 728, BY 3864), MH /ɑsɑkɑ(t)/ "heating system" - 2.2.2.23 /niśśer-/ "to saw" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 728), MH /niseʁ/ -8.40 /nɔʃɑj-/ "to forget" (BHeb) (HALOT 728-729) -2.2.1.37 /nɛʃɛp/ "twilight, darkness" (BHeb, RH) (HALOT 730, BY 3835), /neʃef/ "ball, prom" -8.39 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 300 /nɔʃɑq-/, /niʃʃeq-/ "to kiss" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 730-731), MH /niʃek-/ -2.2.1.38 /nɛʃɛr/ "eagle, vulture" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 731), MH /neʃeʁ/ -2.2.1.39 /nintɑʕ-/ "to be torn down" (BHeb hapax in Job) (HALOT 735-736) -8.42 /nɔtɑs-/ "to tear open" (BHeb hapax in Job) (HALOT 735) -8.42, footnote 148 /nɔtɑṣ-/, /nitteṣ-/ "to tear down, break" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 736), MH /nitet ͡ s-/ "to shatter, destroy" (highly flowery) -8.42 /nɔtɑʃ-/ "to remove, tear up" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 737) -8.42 /nɔtˤɑʃ-/ "to abandon; to spread" (BHeb on.) (BY 3641), MH /nitɑʃ-/ also "to burst (a feud); to happen (a battle)" (literary) -8.43 /nizzɑr-/ "to consecrate oneself to a deity" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 684) -3.2 /pɔgɑʃ-/ "to confront; encounter" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 911), MH "to meet" -8.45 /pɔħɑs-/ "to crush" (RH on.) (BY 4884) -2.2.3. /pilles-/ "to level (down), pave" (BHeb on.) (BY 4960), MH "to make way" - 2.2.3.27 /pɔlɑʃ-/ "to pierce through, press through" (RH on.) (BY 4967), MH "to invade" - 2.2.1.40 /pɔrɑs-/ "to break (bread)" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 969), MH "to slice (bread)" -2.2.3.28 /pɔrɑś-/ "to spread" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 975) -2.2.2.25 /pɔrɔʃ/ "horseman" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 977-978) -2.2.1.41 /nipsɑd-/ "to go bad, be spoiled" (RH on.) (BY 5016), MH /efsid-/ "to lose" - 2.2.3.29 /pɔsul/ "unfit, unworthy" (RH on.) (BY 5021), MH /pɑsɑl-/ "to disqualify" - 2.2.2.26 /pɔṣuʕ/ "injured?" (BHeb hapax, RH on.), /pɔṣɑʕ-/ "to injure" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 954) -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 14 /hipṣiʕ-/ "to appear" (RH on.) (BY 5087), MH /eft ͡ siɑ/ "to break (dawn)" -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 14 /pɔśɑj-/ "to spread" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 979) -2.2.2.27 /peʃɛr/ "meaning, explanation" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 982-983), MH /peʃeʁ/ -2.1.42 /pɔʃɑtˤ-/ "to spread out" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 980-981), MH also "to undress" - 2.2.1.43 /qɑjiṣ/ "summer" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1098), MH /kɑit ͡ s/ -2.1 /qilles-/ "to mock" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1105), MH /keles/ "mockery" (flowery) -2.3.32 /qirsem-/ "to gnaw; to cut" (RH) (NCW 4:386) -8.27, 8.28 /qɑśqɛśɛt/, /qɑśqɑś/ "scale" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1150), MH /kɑskɑs/ "scale, dandruff; edge (figurative)" -2.2.2.13 /qɑśwɔ(t)/ "jug" (BHeb, RH) (HALOT 1150) -2.2.2.31 /qɔʃɑj-/ "to be heavy, hard" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1152), MH /kɑʃe/ "hard", /ekʃɑ-/ "to harden (tr.), make hard" -2.2.1.44 /qɑʃ/ "straw" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1150), MH /kɑʃ/ also "drinking straw" -8.47 /qɛʃɛt/ "bow" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1155-1156), MH /keʃet/ -2.2.1.45 14. Hebrew 301 <rʔʃ> /roʃ/ "head" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1164-1167), MH /ʁoʃ/ -2.2.1.46 /rɔʕɑʃ-/ "to tremble" (BHeb) (HALOT 1271-1272), MH /ʁɑɑʃ/ "noise", /eʁiʃ-/ "to make noise, be noisy" -8.48 /rɔgɑʃ-/ "to be restless" (BHeb hapax, twice in RH, medieval on.) (HALOT 1189: Aramaism, BY 6435-6438), MH /itʁɑgeʃ-/ "to be excited" -2.2.1.47 /rɔħɑʃ-/ "to move" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 1222), MH /itʁɑχeʃ-/ "to happen, transpire" (formal) -8.49 /rɔkɑs-/ "to bind" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 1237-1238), MH /ʁoχsɑn/ "zipper" -2.2.3.34 /rɔmɑs-/ "to trample" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1245), MH /ʁms/ -2.2.3.35 /rɔpɑs-/, /rɔpɑś-/ "to trouble (water, with feet)" (twice in BHeb), /nirpɔś/ "muddied" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 1279); /rɔpɑs-/ "to trample" (RH on.) (BY 6684), MH /itʁɑpes-/ "to humble oneself" -2.2.3.36 /risses-/ "to sprinkle" (RH on.) (BY 6628), MH /ʁises-/ "to spray" -2.2.2.34 /rɔʃɑʕ-/ "to be guilty, wicked" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1294-1295), MH /ʁɑʃɑ/ "evil man", /ʁeʃɑ/ "evil (noun)" -2.2.1.48 /sʔɔ(t)/ "seah, grain measure" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 737-738) -2.2.3.37 /sʔon/ "boot" (BHeb) (HALOT 738), MH /sɑɑn-/ "to wear (a sandal)" (extremely flowery) -8.51 /sɔʕɑd-/ "to help" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 761), MH /sɑɑd/ "welfare" (outdated), /misɑd/ "armrest", /sɑɑd-/ "to feast; to take care of (a helpless person)" -8.53 /sɔʕif/ "twig" (twice in BHeb), /sʕɑppɔ(t)/ "twig" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 762), MH /seif/, /sɑif/ "clause" -2.2.2.36 /sɑʕɑr/ "heavy gale" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 762), /sɑɑʁ/ "storm" (flowery), personal name -8.52 /sɔbɑʔ-/ "to be addicted to liquor" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 738), MH /misbɑɑ(t)/ "bar, pub" (flowery) -2.2.3.38 /sɔbɑb-/ "to turn oneself around" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 738-740), MH /istovev/ -2.3.39 /sɔbuk/ "entangled", /sbɑk/ "thicket" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 740), MH /sibeχ-/ "to complicate" -8.60 /msubbɔl/ "pregnant" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 741) -8.61 /sɔdɑq-/ "to cleave, split" (RH on.) (BY 3968), MH /sɑdɑk-/ "to crack" -2.2.2.44 /sedɛr/ "regulation" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 744, BY 3969-3972), MH /sedeʁ/ "order" -2.2.3.41 /sɔgɑd-/ "to bow down" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 741-742), MH "to worship" -2.2.3.42 /sɔgɑr-/ "to shut" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 742-743), MH /sɑgɑʁ-/ -8.66 /sɔħɑb-/ "to drag away" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 749), MH /sɑχɑv-/ "to carry (a heavy lift)" -2.2.3.43 /sɔħɑp-/ "to wash away" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (HALOT 749, BY 4006-4007), MH /nisχɑf-/ also "to be carried away" -2.2.3.44 /sijjeʕ-/ "to help" (RH on.) (BY 4027), MH /sieɑ-/ "to assist" (formal) -2.2.2.76 /sɔkɑk-/ "to shut off as protection" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 754), MH /sχɑχɑ(t)/ "pavillion, shed" -2.2.3.46 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 302 /sukkɔ(t)/ "hut" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 753), MH /sukɑ(t)/ "Sukkah, tabernacle" -8.7 /niskɑr-/ "to be obstructed" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 755-756), MH /seχeʁ/ "dam"- 2.2.3.47 /hiskit-/ "to be quiet" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 6564), "to listen" (medieval on.) (BYMH /tɑskit/ "radio skit", /esket/ "podcast" (formal) -2.2.3.48 /sɑl/ "basket" (BHeb on.) (BY 4059) -2.1 /sillep-/ "to lead astray; to twist" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 758), MH /silef-/ "to misunderstand, distort (words)" -2.2.3.49 /sɔmɑk-/ "to support" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 759), /sɑmɑχ-/ "to count on, trust in" - 2.2.3.50 /sɑm/ "herb" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 759), MH "drug" -8.78 /simpon/, /simponɔ/ "tube, vein" (RH) (NCW 3:513), MH /simfonot/ "bronchi" - 2.2.3.51 /sɔmɑr-/ "to stand on edge (hair)" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 760, BY 4118), MH /sɑmɑʁ-/ -8.81 /sɔnɑq-/, /sinneq-/ "to press" (RH) (BY 4128), MH /ɑsnɑkɑ(t)/, /snikɑ(t)/ "pressured propulsion of liquids" (formal) -8.85 /sɔpɑd-/ "to mourn" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 763), MH /espid/ "to eulogize", /esped/ "eulogy" -2.2.3.52 /sɔpɑħ-/ "to attach" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 764), MH /sipeɑχ-/ "to annex" -2.2.3.53 /hispiq-/ "to be enough" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 765), MH /espik-/ also "to have had enough time to be or finish on time" -8.88 /sɔpɑr-/ "to count" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 765-766), MH /sɑpɑʁ/, /sɑfɑʁ/-8.89 /sɔrɑħ-/ "to hang over" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 769), MH /seʁɑχ odef/ "excess, surplus (with a negative connotation)" (flowery) -2.2.2.71 /histir-/ "to hide" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 771-772), MH /estiʁ/ -2.2.3.54 /sittet-/ "to hew, chisel" (RH on.) (BY 4244) -2.2.3.54 /stɔw/ "winter" (BHeb hapax in SOS 2:11), MH /stɑv/ "autumn" -2.2.2.73 /sɔtˤip/ "person with crooked face" (RH hapax) (BY 4012) -8.106 /sɔtˤɑr-/ "to slap" (RH on.), "to turn to the side" (RH hapax) (BY 4013-4014);perhaps also /sɑntˤer/ "chin" (RH on.) (BY 4124) -2.2.2.63*/nt ͡ sg/ → /nɔsog-/ "to turn back, withdraw" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 744-745), MH /nɑsog-/ (← */swg/ in N stem) -2.2.3.21 /sɔr-/ "to turn; go off" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 747-749), MH /esiʁ-/ "to remove" - 2.2.3.45 /hesitˤ-/ "to move, stir" (RH on.) (BY 3985), MH /esit-/ "to move something aside, divert; close (a curtain)" -2.2.2.79 /śeʕɔr/ "hair" (BHeb on.) (BY 7597), MH /seɑʁ/ -2.1, 2.2.2.38 /śɑʕɑr/ (BHeb hapax), /śˤɔrɔ(t)/ (twice in BHeb) "storm" (HALOT 1344-1345), MH /seɑʁɑ(t)/ "storm, turmoil" -8.56 /śʕorɔ(t)/ "barley" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1345-1346), MH /seoʁɑ(t)/ also "chalazion" -2.2.2.39 /śɔbeʕ-/ "to eat one's fill" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1302-1304) MH /sɑveɑ/ "full (animate, from eating)" -2.2.2.40 14. Hebrew 303 /śobɛk/ "branches" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 1311) -8.60 /śbɔkɔ(t)/ "net" (BHeb) (HALOT 1301-1302) -8.60 /śibber-/ "to hope, wait" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1304-1305), MH /sɑvuʁ/, /soveʁ/ "thinking.m that...; of the opinion that..." -8.62 /śɔdɛ/ "pasture" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1307-1308), MH /sɑde/ "field" -2.2.2.45 /śderɔ(t)/ "row" (HALOT 1310), MH /sdeʁɑ(t)/ -8.11 /śɔhed/ "witness" (BHeb hapax in Job) (HALOT 1311) (Aramaism?) -2.2.2.46 /śɔħɑq-/ "to laugh" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1315), MH /siχek-/ "to play", /misχɑk/ "game" -3.2 /śɛ/ "small livestock beast" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1310-1311), MH /se tɑmim/ "completely innocent" (in sarcasm; lit. "an innocent lamb"; flowery) -2.2.2.49 /śɔb-/ "to be grey-headed, old" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1318-1319), MH /sɑbɑ/ "grandfather", /sɑftɑ/ "grandmother", /se(j)vɑ/ "old age" (flowery) -2.2.2.50 /śiħ/ "shrub, bush" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1320-1321), MH /siɑχ/ -2.2.2.54 /śɔm-/ "to set, put" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1321-1326), MH /sɑm-/ -2.2.2.51 /śɔkɑj-/, /sɔkɑj-/ "to look" (RH on.) (BY 4036), MH /sikuj/ "chance" -2.2.2.55 /śkijjɔ(t)/ "ship" (BHeb) (HALOT 1327) -8.1 /śek/ "thorn" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 1326) -2.2.2.78 /śɔkɑr-/ "to hire" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1330), MH /sɑχɑʁ-/ "to rent" -2.2.2.56 /ślɔw/ "quail" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1331), MH /slɑv/ -8.77 /śɔmɑħ-/ "to rejoice" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1333-1335), MH /smɑχ/ -2.2.2.59 /śmol/ "left" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1332-1333) -2.2.2.58 /śmɔmit/ "gecko" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1338) -8.79 /śɔne-/ "to hate" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1338-1340), MH /sɑnɑ-/ -2.2.2.60 /śɔpɔ(t)/ "lip; language" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1346-1348), MH /sɑfɑ(t)/ -2.2.2.61 /hiśpiq-/ "to be enough" (twice in BHeb) (HALOT 1349) -8.88 /śɑq/ "sack" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1349-1350), MH /sɑk/ -2.2.2.62 /śiqqer-/ "to look at" or "to dye red" (BHeb hapax, Is 3:16) (HALOT 1350), cj. "to sun-blind" -8.96 /hitśɑrreʕ-/ "to spread, stretch oneself" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 1358) -2.2.63 /śurrɑg-/, /hiśtɑrreg-/ "to be interwoven" (BHeb hapaxes, RH on.) (HALOT 1353) - 2.2.2.64 /śrok/ "sandal thong" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 1355, BY 7615-7616), MH /sʁoχ/ "shoelace" -2.2.2.65 /śɔrɑp-/ "to burn (tr.)" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1358-1359) -2.2.2.67 /śɔrɑp-/ "to swallow" (RH hapax) (BY 7624) -8.100 /śɔroq/ "light red" (BHeb, RH) (HALOT 1361-1362) -2.2.2.68 /śɔrɑr-/ "to rule, reign" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1362-1363), MH /sʁɑʁɑ/"authority, power" (in negative contexts) -2.2.2.69 /śɔrɑtˤ-/ "to wound" (BHeb hapax), /sɔrɑtˤ-/ (RH on.) (HALOT 1355), MH /sɑʁɑt-/ "to scratch", /sɑʁut/ "crazy" (lit. scratched; slang) -2.2.2.70 /niśtɑr-/ "to burst open" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 1363-1364), /sɔtɑr-/ "to destroy" (RH) (BY 4242), MH /sɑtɑʁ/ "to contradict" -2.2.2.72 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 304 /ṣɔʕip/ "wrap, veil" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1041, BY 5564), MH /t ͡ seif/, /t ͡ sɑif/ "scarf" -2.3.3.2.2 /ṣɔʕɑq-/ "to shout, call out" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1042-1043), MH /t ͡ s(ʔ)k/ "to shout" -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 22, 3.2 /ṣɔʕir/ "young, small" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1041) -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 22 /ṣɔboʕ/ "hyena" (RH on.) (BY 5366) -2.3.3.2.2 /ṣɔħɑq-/ "to laugh" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1019), MH /t ͡ sɑχɑk-/ -3.2 /ṣɔrɑp-/, /ṣirrep-/ "to join (tr.)" (RH on.) (BY 5651) -4.12.3.1 /ʃɔʔɑb-/ "to draw water" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1367), MH /ʃɑɑv/ "to suck, to pump (a liquid); to draw (inspiration)" -3.2, 8.50 /ʃɔʔɑl-/ "to ask" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1371-1374), MH /ʃɑɑl-/ -2.2.1.49 /ʃʔer/ "flesh" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1378-1379), MH /ʃeeʁ bɑsɑʁ/ "close of kin" (lit. "flesh of flesh";-8.52 /heʃeʕ-/ "to shut (tr.) (eyes)" (BHeb hapax), /ʃuʕ/ "smooth" (RH) (BY 7358) -8.31 /ʃɔʕɑj-/ "to gaze" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1609-1610), MH /ʃɑɑ/ "to turn to; to pay attention, heed" (flowery) -8.54 /hitʃɑʕel-/ "to cough" (Arabism/Aramaism, medieval on.) (BY 7354), MH /iʃtɑel-/ -55 /niʃbɑʕ-/ "to swear an oath" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1396-1399) -8.57 /ʃɔbib/ "spark" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1392), MH /ʃviv/ "a hint of..." (flowery) -8.58 /ʃibbeħ-/ "to praise" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1387), MH /ʃibeɑχ-/ -2.2.1.50 /hiʃbiħ-/, /ʃibbeħ/ "to calm" (BHeb hapaxes) (HALOT 1387) -2.2.1.55 /ʃebɛtˤ/ "rod" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1388-1390) -2.2.1.54 /ʃɔbɑj-/ "to caputre (in the course of battle)" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1382-1383), MH /ʃevi/ "captivity" -2.2.1.51 <ʃjbʔj> "unidentified small creature" (RH hapax) (BY 7064) -8.59 /ʃibbolɛt/ "ear of corn" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1394), MH /ʃibolet/ -2.2.1.52 /ʃibbuq/ "divorce" (RH hapax) (BY 6826), MH /ʃɑvɑk-/ "to die" (flowery; slang) - 2.2.1.53 /ʃidrɔ(t)/ "spine" (BY 6919), MH /ɑmud ʃidrɑ(t)/, /χut ʃidrɑ(t)/ (the latter is only metaphorical) (lit. "column of spine, string of spine") -8.118 /mʃuggɑʕ/ "mad" /hitʃɑggeʕ-/ "to be mad" (twice in BHeb, RH on.) (BY 6898), MH /ʃigeɑ/ "to make mad", /meʃugɑ/ "mad" -8.63 /ʃɛgɛr/ "litter" (BHeb on.) (BY 6899) -8.64 /ʃihheq-/ "to bray (donkey)" (RH hapax) (BY 6926), MH /ʃiek/ "to hiccup" -3.2, 8.67 /ʃɔħɑd-/, /ʃiħħed-/ "to gift, bribe" (BHeb hapaxes) (HALOT 1456-1457), MH /ʃiχed/ -8.113 /ʃɔħɑl-/, /hiʃħil-/ "to drag and slide through a hole" (RH on.) (BY 7024) -8.69 /ʃɑħħ-/ "to crouch, be bent over" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1458) -2.2.1.92 /ʃɛħi/ "armpit" (RH on.) (BY 7019), MH /bet ʃeχi/ -8.116 /ʃɑħɑr/ "dawn" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1465-1469), MH /ʃɑχɑʁ/ -2.2.1.56, 8.117 /miʃħɔr/, /ʃɑħrut/ "youth" (BHeb hapaxes) (BY 3367, 7041), MH /ben tiʃχoʁet/ "young one" (extremely flowery) -8.117 14. Hebrew 305 /ʃɔħor/ "black" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1465), MH /ʃɑχoʁ/ -8.70 /ʃiħrer-/ "to release, to be released" (RH on.) (BY 7044) -3.4, footnote 44 /ʃɑħɑṣ/ "size, pride" (BHeb hapax in Job, RH on.) (HALOT 1463, BY 7029-7031), MH /ʃɑχt ͡ sɑn/ "cocky" -8.115 /ʃiħħet-/ "to destroy" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1469-1472), MH /eʃχit-/ "to corrupt; vandalize" -2.2.1.57 /ʃɔħɑtˤ-/ "to slaughter" (HALOT 1458-1459), MH /ʃɑχɑt-/ -2.2.1.91 /ʃɔħɑj-/ "to stoop down" (HALOT 1457) -2.2.1.92 /hitʃɑħwej-/ "to bow down" (BHeb on.) (BY 7011) -3.4, footnote 44 /hiʃħiz-/ "to sharpen" (RH on.) (BY 7015), MH /eʃχiz-/ -8.68 /ʃħuzɔ(t)/ "female goat or sheep with its tail upwards to have intercourse with the male" (RH) (BY 7015) -8.71 /ʃɑj/ "gift" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1476) -8.72 /ʃɑjiʃ/ "alabaster" (HALOT 1483), MH /ʃɑiʃ/ "marble" -4.12.3.5 /ʃɔr-/ PC /-ʃir-/ "to sing" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1479-1481), MH /ʃjʁ/ -2.2.1.58 /ʃɔt-/ PC /-ʃit-/ "to set, place" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1483-1486) -2.2.1.59 /ʃɔkɑb-/ "to lie down" (HALOT 1486-1488), MH /ʃɑχɑv-/ -8.73 /ʃɔkɑn-/ "to settle" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1496-1500) -2.2.1.60 /ʃɔkɑr-/ "to be drunk" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1500-1501), MH /iʃtakeʁ-/ "to become drunk" -2.2.1.61 /ʃɔlɑħ/ "to send" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1511-1516) -2.2.1.62 /ʃɛlɑħ/ "stripped animal skin" (RH) (BY 7148) -2.2.1.66 /ʃiljɔ(t)/ "afterbirth" (BHeb hapax, RH on.) (HALOT 1524, BY 7157-7158), MH /ʃiliɑ(t)/ "placenta" -8.74 /ʃɔlɑl-/ "to plunder" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1531), MH "to deprive" -8.75 /ʃɔlom/ "peace" (HALOT 1506-1510), MH /ʃɑlom/ "peace", "hello" (slightly formal) -2.1, 2.2.1.63 /ʃɔlɑq-/ "to boil" (RH on.) (BY 7193) -8.76 /ʃɔloʃ/ "three" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1544-1545), MH /ʃɑloʃ/ -2.1, 3.11 /ʃɔlɑtˤ-/ "to gain power over" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1521-1522: Aramaism?), MH /ʃɑlɑt-/ "to rule" -2.2.1.64 /ʃɔlɑj-/ "to have rest, be at ease" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1503-1504), MH /ʃɑlvɑ/ "peace of mind", /ʃɑlev/ "peaceful, at ease" -2.2.1.65 /ʃɛmme/, /ʃɛmmɔ/ "if" (RH on.) (BY 7218) -3.5, footnote 52 /ʃɔmɑʕ-/, rarely /ʃɔmeʕ-/ "to hear" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1570-1574), MH /ʃɑmɑ-/ -2.1.68 /ʃɔmɑjim/ "sky, heaven" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1559-1561), MH /ʃɑmɑim/ -2.2.1.69 /ʃɔmen-/ "to be fat" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1566-1567) -2.2.1.70 /ʃɔmɑr-/ "to keep" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1581-1584) -4.12.3.1 /ʃem/ "name" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1548-1551) -2.2.1.77 /ʃemɛṣ/ "a whisper" (twice in BHeb) (HALOT 1580), "to have a bad reputation, to cause suspicion" (RH on.) (BY 7276), MH /ʃmt ͡ s/ "to slander" -8.82 /ʃɛmɛʃ/ "sun" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1589-1592), MH /ʃemeʃ/ -3.11 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 306 /ʃɔmɑtˤ-/ "to let loose, let fall" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1557-1558), MH /ʃmt/ "to avoid a duty" -8.83 /ʃɔnɔ(t)/ "year" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1600-1601), MH /ʃɑnɑ(t)/ -2.2.1.71 /ʃen/ "tooth" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1593-1595) -2.2.1.73 /ʃinnej-/ "to change" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1597-1598) -2.2.1.72 /ʃinneq-/ "to torture" (RH) (BY 7332), MH /iʃtɑnek-/ "to choke, cough, have trouble breathing (from surprise, fear or excessive laughter)" -8.84 /ʃinnes-/ "to gird" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 1607) -8.86 /ʃɛnɛṣ-/ "lace" (RH) (BY 7332) -8.86 /ʃɔpɑj-/ "to be healthy, sane" (RH on.) (BY 7387), MH /ʃɑfuj/ "sane" -8.92 /ʃɔpɑk-/ "to pour" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1629-1630), MH /ʃpχ/ "to spill" -2.2.1.74 /ʃɔpel-/ "to be low" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1631-1632), MH /eʃpil/ "to humiliate", /ʃefel/ "low point", /ʃɑfel/ "vile" -2.2.1.75 /ʃippule meʕɑjim/ "womb (lit. bottoms of the intestines)" (RH) (see BY 7378) -8.87 /ʃɔpup/ "dragged and pulled on the ground" (RH) (BY 7379), MH /ʃɑfuf/ "crouched" -2.2.1.76 /ʃopɔr/ "horn" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1447-1448), MH /ʃofɑʁ/ "Shofar" -8.90 /ʃipʃep-/ "to polish" (RH on.) (BY 7413), MH /ʃifʃef-/ "to rub" -8.110 /ʃoq/ "calf" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1448), MH /ʃok/ "calf, shin" -8.93 /hiʃqij-/ "to provide drink for" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1639-1640), MH /eʃkɑ-/ "to irrigate; to provide water" -2.2.1.77 /hiʃqip-/ "to look down from above" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1645-1646), MH /eʃkif-/ also "to observe and not interfere" -2.2.1.79 /hitʃoqeq-/ "to long for" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1647), MH /iʃtokek-/ -8.111 /ʃiqqer-/ "to break faith" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1647), MH /ʃikeʁ/ "to lie" -8.65 /ʃiqquṣ/, /ʃɛqɛṣ/ "abomination" (BHeb on.) (BY 7447-7448) -8.97 /ʃor/ "navel cord, navel" (twice in BHeb, RH hapax), /ʃorɛr/ "navel" (BHeb hapax, RH) (HALOT 1650-1651, BY 7455, 7471) -2.2.1.82 /ʃɔrɑṣ-/ "to creep" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1655-1656) -8.101 /hiʃriṣ-/ "to reproduce (reptiles, fish)" (RH on.) (BY 7468) -8.101 /ʃorɛʃ/ "root" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1659-1661) -3.11 /ʃisseʕ-/ "to split" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1608-1609) -8.104 /ʃɑss-/ "to plunder" (BHeb) (HALOT 1608) -8.120 /ʃɛṣɛp/ "anger" (BHeb on.) (BY 7415) -8.107 /ʃeʃ/ "six" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1663) -3.11 /ʃeʃ/ "alabaster" (BHeb) (HALOT 1663) -4.12.3.5 /ʃeʃ/ "linen" (BHeb) (HALOT 1663-1664) -4.12.3.5 /ʃiʃʃeʔ-/ "to lead" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 1664) -8.102 /ʃuʃɑn/ (BHeb), /ʃoʃɑnnɔ/ (BHeb on.) "lily" (HALOT 1454-1455), medieval and MH /ʃoʃɑn/ influenced by the pausal form in the Bible -4.12.3.5 /ʃet/ "buttocks; base, foundation" (BHeb) (HALOT 1666-1667) -2.2.1.83 /ʃɔtɑʕ-/ "to be afraid" (BHeb) (HALOT 1671) -8.54 /ʃɔtɑl-/ "to plant" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1670) -8.103 /ʃittep-/ "to associate" (RH on.) (BY 7504), MH /ʃitef/ "to share" -2.2.1.86 14. Hebrew 307 /ʃɔtˤɑħ-/ "to spread out" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1474), MH /ʃɑtuɑχ/ "flat" -2.2.1.87 /ʃɔtɑj-/ "to drink" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1667-1669) -2.2.1.84 /ʃti/ "a particular type of weaving(?)" (HALOT 1669) -2.2.1.85 /ʃɔtˤɑp-/ "to wash" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1474-1475) -8.105*/stʼr/ "to write" → /ʃotˤer/ "civil servant, office holder" (BHeb) (HALOT 1441- 1442), MH /ʃoteʁ/ "police officer" -2.2.1.88*/swʔ/ "bad" → /ʃɔwʔ/ "destruction", /ʃoʔɔ(t)/ "trouble, ruin" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 142, 9406), MH /ʃoɑ(t)/ "catastrophe, holocaust" -2.2.1.89 /ʃɔħ-/ "to sink, subside" (HALOT 1438-1439) -2.2.1.92 /ʃɔm-/ "to value, assess a price" (RH on.) (BY 6972), MH /ʃɑmɑj/ "appraiser" - 8.108 /ʃum/ "garlic" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1442) -2.1 /ʃumɔ(t)/ "mole" (RH on.) (BY 6975) -8.109 /ʃɔp-/, "to smear" (RH on.) (BY 6984), MH /ʃief-/ "to polish -8.110 /ʃɔr-/ "to look at" (BHeb) (BY 6994) -8.3 /ʃur/ "wall" (BHeb) (HALOT 1453) -8.3 /hitʃoqeq-/ "to long for" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1448) -8.111 /ʃɔtˤ-/ "to roam; to sail" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1439-1440) -8.112 /ʃotˤ/ "whip" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1440-1441), MH /ʃot/ -2.2.1.90 /ʃotˤ/ "flood" (BHeb hapax) (HALOT 1441) -8.119, footnote 136 /mɔʃotˤ/ "rudder" (Late BHeb on.) (HALOT 643) -8.112 /ʃɔzɑr-/ "to weave" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1456) -8.118 /ʃizrɔ(t)/ "vertebral column" (RH) (BY 7009) -8.118 /tɑjiʃ/ "billy goat" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1729), MH /tɑiʃ/ "billy goat, buck" - 2.2.1.94 /teʃɑʕ/ "nine" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 1802-1803), MH /te(j)ʃɑ/-2.2.1.95*/tˤpɬ/ "to escape" → /tˤippes-/ "to climb" (RH on.) (BY 1913) -2.2.2.80 /tˤiʃtˤeʃ-/ "to rain, make wet" (RH) (BY 1936) -8.119 /tˤɔś-/ "to flutter" (BHeb hapax in Job) (HALOT 373), /tˤɔs-/ "to float" (RH) (BY 1861), MH /tɑs-/ "to fly (in an airplane) -2.2.2.81 /tˤɔʃ-/ "to rub in oil" (RH), /nittˤɑʃtˤɑʃ-/ (from Tosefta on.) (BY 1863) -8.119 /ṣom/ "a fast" (BHeb on.) (BY 5424) -2.1 /ṣon/ "small cattle" (BHeb on.) (BY 5342) -2.1 /wsp/ → see /jɔsɑp-/ /wɛʃɛtˤ/ "oesophagus" (RH on.) (BY 1272), MH /veʃet/ -2.2.1.98 /zɔʕɑq-/ "to cry out" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 277) -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 18, 3.2 /zʕer/ "a little" (BHeb) (HALOT 276) -2.3.3.2.1, footnote 18 /zɑjit/ "olive" (BHeb on.) (BY 1327), MH /zɑit/ -2.1 /zɔnɔb/ "tail" (BHeb on.) (BY 1365), MH /zɑnɑv/ -2.1 /zɔqen-/ "to be old" (BHeb on.) (HALOT 278) -4.12.3.1 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 308 15. Hobyot /ʕəmoːr/ "to say" (HV 130) -footnote 141 /ʕiːnʃʼoːtə/ "little" (HV 266) -8.1 /ʕiʃʼbɑʕ/ "finger" (HV 9) -4.12.4.2 /ʕətʼoːʃ/ "to sneeze" (HV 6) -2.2.1.9, 4.12.4.2 /bəheːl/ "to be cooked" (HV 45) -2.2.1.12, 4.12.*/skʼl/ "to hang" → /ħɑkʼəle/ "up, above" (?) (CCG 140) -2.2.1.78 /ħɑːreːh/ "head" (HV 1), /reh/ (CCG 121) -2.2.1.46, 4.12.4.2 /ħoːwər/ "black" (HV 238) -8.70 /kobɬ/ "sheep, ram" (HV 214, CCG 121) -8.22 /kɑːl/ "both" (HV 267) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kensiːd/ "shoulder" (HV 8) -8.25 /kəsweːt/ "cloth, textile" (HV 27) -8.29 /kʼoːʃətʼ/ "rainbow" (HV 194) -2.2.1.45, 4.12.4.2 /kʼoʃɑʕ/ "to cut, sever at a single stroke" (CCG 133) -8.26 /kʼʃʼoːb/ "to cut, cut off" (CCG 133) -4.12.4.2 /kʼiːɬəʕ/ "to be dry" (HV 177) -8.47 /lʃɑːn/ "tongue" (HV 4), /əlʃen/ (CCG 122) -4.12.4.2 /mʃiːn/ "yesterday" (HV 262) -4.12.4.3 /nəfoɬ/ "to go before sunset" (CCG 134) -8.39 /soʕ/, /sɑʕeːt/ "nine" (HV 265), /sɑˤit/ (CCG 118) -2.2.1.95, 4.12.4.3 /skof/ "to sit" (CCG 136) -8.73 /sɑm/ "poison" (HV 90) -8.78 /ʃəbdiːt/ "liver" (HV 12) -4.12.4.1 /ʃheːkʼ/ "to have hiccupsʼ (HV 7) -8.67 /ʕiʃʼbɑʕ/, /isʼbɑʕ/ "finger" (HV 9, CCG 122) -4.12.4.2 /ɬoːd ͡ ʒəʕ/ "brave" (HV 241) (Arabism) -8.63 /ɬħɑs/ "to split" (CCG 136) -8.115 /ɬəkruːn/ "squint-eyed" (HV 3) -8. /ɬəll/ "to carry, take" (CCG 132) -8.75 /ɬəhliːθ/ "three.f" (HV 265), /ɬhəleθ/ (CCG 50) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 /ɬənuːkʼ/ "to hang" (HV 157) -8.84 16. Jibbali 309 /ɬəru/ "to skin (by cutting open the center)" (HV 226) -8.52 /ɬiːroχ/ "root" (CCG 125) -3.10 /ɬəθʼof/ "to split" (CCG 136) -8.106 /ɬeːtə/ "winter" (HV 264), /ɬete/ (CCG 130) -2.2.2.73 /ɬɑːm/ "to buy", /ɬiːtəm/ "to sell", (HV 140) -8.108 /ɬχɑːf/ "to drink milk" (HV 48), /ɬχoːf/ "milk" (HV 41) -8.114 /teːjh/ "male goat over 6 months" (HV 214), /tejh/, /tɛːjəh/ (CCG 121) -2.2.1.94, 4.12.4.2 /tʼohə/ "heavy rain; rain whose individual drops are large" (CCG 126) -8.119 /χɑjməh/ "five" (HV 265), /χɑmmoh/ (CCG 118) -2.2.1.100, 4.12.4.2 /ɑχχoːr/, /χor/, /oχor/ "today" (HV 262, CCG 137) -2.2.1.56, 8.117 /χɑwt/ "armpit" (HV 9) -8.116Jibbali /ʔəmɕʷin/ "yesterday" (JL 3) -4.12.4.2 /ʕɔfɔs/ "to have an upset stomach" (JL 9) -2.2.3.4 /ʕɔ r/ "to say" (JL 13) -footnote 141 /oʕusm/ "to heap, pile" (JL 16) -8.4 /ʕɔɬɔkʼ/ "to love" (JL 17) -8.6 /oʕoɬkʼ/ "to put on a camel's girth and trot off" (JL 17) (?) -8.5 /ʕɔtʼɔʃ/, /ʕɔttʼəʃ/ "to sneeze" (JL 19) -2.2.1.9, 4.12.4.2 /beke/ "to weep" (JL 25) -4.12.4.1 /bəsirət/ "date" (JL 29) -8.10 /beʃəl/ "to be cooked, ready" (JL 30) -2.2.1.12, 4.12.4.2 /(ɑb)oːɬər/ "to give good news" (JL 29) -8.9 /əbtoɬʼɑʕ/ "to buy goods" (JL 33) -2.3.3.2.1 /dɛbʃ/ "honey" (JL 34) -2.2.1.18 /dɑħɑs/ "to upset someone" (JL 37) -8.13 /edmis/ "to dip" (JL 40) -2.2.3.8 /dess/ "to spy; to eavesdrop; to bribe secretly" (JL 42) -2.2.3.9 /fħɑs/ "to make a rope; to unweave" (JL 55) -2.2.3.26 /fɔkʼħ/ "half" (JL 56) -4.12.4.1 /fɔrɔs/, /effors/ "to mash" (JL 61) -2.2.3.28 /fsɔd/ "to be rotten" (Arabism?) (JL 62) -2.2.3.29 /fsɔk/ "to finish" (JL 63) -2.2.3.30 /effosχ/ "to separate" (JL 63) -2.2.3.31 /əngɛrdeɬ/ "to fall down" (JL 78) -8.16 /ɕʷəgeɬi/ "to belch" (JL 80) -8.14 /her/ "if" (Rubin 2014:344) -3.5 /ɕʷəheːb/ "to get warm" (JL 99) -8.58 /oħoːrs/ "to stir up trouble" (JL 115) -8.20 /ħɔrɔɬ/ "to bring material to make a shelf of branches" (JL 115) -8.125 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 310 /ħɑse/ "to dig for water" (JL 116) -8.128 /oħoɬəm/ "to respect" (JL 118) -4.2 /ħɔr/ "black" (JL 120) -8.70 /kbh/ → /koːh/ "to tell someone to keep quiet" (JL 124) -8.21 /kɔbɬ/ "male lamb" (JL 125) -8.22 /kɔllɔh/ "both" (JL 129) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kmh/ → /kũːh/ "to reduce someone to shamed silence" (JL 131) -8.23 /kənsed/ "shoulder" (JL 133) -8.25*/kt ͡ sp/ "cut; silver" → /ksɔf/ "to make s.t. smaller" (JL 135) -2.2.3.17 /kse/ "to clothe" (JL 136) -8.29 /keɕ w ɑʕ/ "to cut" (JL 137) -8.26 /ɕʷəkʼsim/ "to be presented with a gift" (JL 151) -2.2.3.33 /kʼɔsʼɔb/ (CJib, WJib) /kʼɔʃʼɔb/ (EJib) "to break, chop" (JL 151, ML 243) -4.12.4.2 /kʼeɬɑʕ/ "to be dry" (JL 153, CCG 77) -8.47 /kʼeɬɬ/ "to dry" (JL 153) -8.47 /kʼɔɕ w utʼ/ "rainbow" (JL 153) -2.2.1.45, 4.12.4.2 /ɛlɕ w ɛn/ "tongue" (JL 165), /lʃɛn/ (CJib), /lʃin/ (EJib) (CCG 73) -2.2.1.27, 4.12.4.2 /mutrəs/ "to be involved in a problem", /ɕʷəmres/ "to mix with water" (JL 172) - 2.2.3.18 /mɑʃħ/ "clarified butter" (JL 175) -2.2.1.31 /mutsi/ "to melt, dissolve" (JL 175) -2.2.3.19 /nfɔɬ/ "to go in the afternoon, evening" (JL 182) -8.39 /nkɔs/ "to fall, to hang low" (JL 189) -8.44 /nkɔɬ/ "to uncover" (JL 189) -8.36 /nkʼɔɬ/ "to pierce" (JL 191) -2.2.2.20, 8.37 /nsɔg/ "to pull down from high; to make thread" (JL 299) -2.2.3.21 /ɕʷenisəg/ "to snatch" (JL 192) -8.38 /nisʼɑn/ "little, tiny" (JL 193) -8.1 /entʼeɬ/, /nuttʼəɬ/ "to spread" (JL 197) -8.43 /rɛʃ/ "head" (JL 201) -2.2.1.46, 4.12.4.2 /ɛrfɔs/ "to trample" (JL 205) -2.2.3.36 /rəmsun/ "wrongdoer" (JL 214) -2.2.3.35 /sɔʕ/ "nine" (JL 220) -2.2.1.95, 4.12.4.3 /seʕɑd/ "to be happy" /ssɑʕed/ "to help" (JL 221) -8.53 /sɑʕe/ "to search" (JL 221) -8.54 /esbɑʕ/ "to swear" (JL 221) -8.57 /sedd/ "to be enough" (JL 223) -2.2.3.40 /sɔgɔd/ "to bow" (JL 224) -2.2.3.42 /sħɑb/ "to drag" (JL 225) -2.2.3.43 /sħɑl/ "to scratch, grind a knife" (JL 226) -8.69 /skɔf/ "to sit" (JL 227) -8.73 /sekk/ "to sew" (JL 226) -2.2.3.46 /sɛhm/ "poison" (JL 229) -8.78 /stɔr/ "to cover, hide" (JL 231) -2.2.3.54 16. Jibbali 311 /ʔisʼbɑʕ/ "finger" (JL 5) -4.12.4.2 /ʃɛːb/ "to fetch water" (JL 265) -8.50 /ʃɛːl/ "to demand payment for a debt" (JL 259) -2.2.1.49 /ʃoːʕ/ "seven" (JL 259), /ʃuːʕ/ (CCG 71), /ʃeːʕ/, /ʃiːʕ/ "seven (days)" (Rubin 2014:281) -4.12.4.2 /ʃɔfəl/ "belly" (JL 260) -8.87 /ʃħor/, /iʃħɑjr/ "today" (JL 261, CCG 80) -2.2.1.56, 8.117 /ʃɔkʼɔf/ "to make a roof; to dress up to show off" (JL 261) -2.2.1.79 /ʃum/ "name" (JL 262) -2.2.1.67, 4.12.4.2 /ʃmʕ/ → /ʃĩːʕ/ "to hear" (JL 262) -2.2.1.68, 4.12.4.2 /ʃɛ ñ/ "fat" (JL262) -2.2.1.70 /ʃnin/ "tooth" (JL 262) -2.2.1.73 /ʃerɔkʼ/ "to steal" (JL 263) -2.2.1.81, 4.12.4.2 /ʃɛt/ "six" (JL 264) -3.11 /ʃχɔt/ "armpit" (JL 264) -8.116 /ɕ w əbdet/ "liver" (JL 124) -4.12.4.1 /ɕ w ɔbʕ/ "week" (JL 124) -4.12.4.2 /ɕ w egɑʕ/ "to be brave" (JL 266) -8.63 /ɕ w ehəkʼ/ "to hiccup" (JL 266) -8.67 /ɕ w ɔtʼɔf/ "to wound slightly" (JL 267) -8.106 /ɕ w um/ "heat of the sun" (JL 267) -3.11 /ɬɛːm/ "to sell, to buy" (JL 244) -8.108 /ɬebb/ "to flare up (fire)" (JL 244) -8.58*/ɬbk/ → /ɬɔːk/ "to be interwoven" (JL 245) -8.60 /ɬɔtdəkʼ/ "to have a long cut on one's face" (JL 246) -2.2.2.44 /eɬɬofur/ "to dress smartly; to compliment, to cheer up" (JL 247) -8.91 /ɬfe/ "to stitch" (JL 247) -8.92 /ɬegɛr/ "family, blood relations" (JL 248) -8.64 /eɬɬohəkʼ/ "to have a whooping cough" (JL 249) -8.67 /ɬħəmɛt/ "temple (used to measure fat on a carcass)" (JL 250) -2.2.2.48 /eɬɬoki/ "to look all day long to see if any animals are missing" (JL 251) -2.2.2.54 /ɬerog/ "to sew up roughly" (JL 254) -2.2.2.64 /ɬeːkʼəb/ "collar-bone" (JL 252) -8.94 /ɬɔkʼɔr/ "to screw one's eyes up in the sunlight" (JL 252) -8.96 /ɬell/ "to carry, take" (JL 252) -8.75 /ɬhəleθ/ "three.f" (JL 253) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 /ɬhɛlɔθ/ "thirty" (Rubin 2014:279) -4.12.6.2 /ɬonukʼ/ "to hang" (JL 253) -8.84 /ɬere/ "to skin" (JL 256) -8.52 /ɬərin/ "muscles of the back" (JL 257) -8.98 /ɬerɔsʼ/ "to grow canine teeth" (JL 256) -2.2.1.93, 8.101 /ɬirɔχ/ "root" (JL 256) -3.11 /ɬɛtə/ "winter" (JL 257, CCG 76) -2.2.2.73 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 312 /ɬɔttər/ "to be torn" (JL 253, under /ɬrr/) -2.2.2.72 /ɬəttʼ/ "to go a long way" (JL 275) -8.112 /eɬteːkʼ/ "to long for" (JL 257) -8.111 /ɬχɑf/ "to drink milk" (JL 258) -8.114 /eɬʼoʕɔf/ "to dominate" (JL 322) -2.3.3.2.2 /tuʃ/ "fully grown male goat" (JL 273) -2.2.1.94, 4.12.4.2 /tʼɛɬ/ "light rain, shower" (JL 280) -8.119*/χls/ "to take away" → /χɔlɔʃ/ "to abort" (JL 300) (?) -2.2.1.99 /χms/ → /χĩs/ "to go bad" (JL 302) -2.2.3.58 /χsɔr/ "to lose" (JL 306) -2.2.3.60 /χĩʃ/ "five" (JL 302) -2.2.1.100, 4.12.4.2 /χʃfɛt/ "pimple" (JL 307) -8.123 /χɕʷɔl/ "to crunch underfoot" (JL 307) -8.126 /χeɬɬ/ "to penetrate (e.g. a thicket)" (JL 306) -2.2.2.84*/ʔɬr/ → /ɑwoːɬər/ "to tax; to gather leaves for building a fodder after the monsoon" (ML 32) -2.2.2.5, 8.40, footnote 117 /ʕjɬ/ → /ɑːjoːɬ/ "to live, survive" (ML 38) -2.2.2.1 /ʕɑːmuːr/, /ɑːmuːr/ "to say" -footnote 141*/ʕɬr/ → /ʃɑːɬeːr/ "to make someone one's friend" (ML 32) -2.2.2.5/fərhɑjn/ "horse, mare" (ML 98) -2.2.1.41 /fəroːɬ/ "to spread" (ML 101) -2.2.2.25 /əngərdoːɬ/ "to fall down" (ML 124) -8.16 17. Mehri 313 /gəɬuː/ "to belch" (ML 126) -8.14 /hoːbɑ/ "seven" (ML 150), /hoːbɑˤ/ (EYMhr) (CCG 15), /ʃiːbɑ/ "seven (days)" (Rubin 2018:300) -3.11, 4.12.4.2 /hoːfəl/ "belly" (ML 153) -8.87 /həkʼuː/ "to irrigate, to give a drink" (ML 155) -2.2.1.77 /hɑm/ "name" (ML 158), /hɑmm/ (CCG 16) -2.2.1.67, 4.12.4.2 /hɑːm/ "if" (OMhr) (Rubin 2018:370), /hiːn/ (EYMhr) (CCG 33) -3.5 /hmʕ/ → /hiːmɑ/ "to hear" (ML 157, CCG 27) -2.2.1.68, 4.12.4.2 /həruːkʼ/ "to steal" (ML 159) -2.2.1.81, 4.12.4.2 /heːt/, /hit/ "six.f" (ML 462) -3.11 /hiːwəb/ "to get warm" (ML 161) -8.58 /ħəroːh/ "head" (ML 310), /ħruh/ (OMhr), /ħreːh/ (EYMhr) (CCG 18) -2.2.1.46, 4.12.4.2 /ħəfuːɬ/ "to collect (a lot of things)" (ML 169) -2.2.2.10 /ħoːrəɬ/ "to stir up trouble" (ML 187) -8.20 /ħəsuː/ "to dig for water" (ML 189) -8.128 /ħɑssən/, /ħəssuːn/ "to improve" (Arabism?) (ML 189) -1.2.4.12 /ħɬɔɬ/ "a very small piece of wood" (ML 190) -8.130 /ħowər/ "black" (ML 195) -8.70 /kɑbɬ/ "(male) lamb" (ML 202) -8.22 /kəloːh/ "both" (ML 207) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /koːməh/ "to reduce someone to shamed silence" (ML 210) -8.23 /kənsiːd/ "shoulder" (ML 212) -8.25 /kiːrəɬ/ "belly" (ML 214) -2.2.2.12 /ksʔ/ → **/kuːss/ (should be /kuːsɑ/ or /koːsɑ/ as in ML 482) "to find, meet; to acquire" (ML 215) -2.**/kuːʃs/ (should be /kuːʃɑ/ or /koːʃɑ/ as in ML 511) "to lop, cut off" (ML 217) -8.26 /kəɬkəɬoːt/ "burn blister" (ML 216) -2.2.2.13 /kʼɑːdər/ "pot" (ML 224) -4.12.4.1 /kʼəʃeːtʼ/ "rainbow" (ML 242) -2.2.1.45, 4.12.4.2 /kʼɬʕ/ → /kʼɑjɬɑ/ "to be dry" (ML 241, CCG 24) -8.47 /kʼəɬuːr/ "to peel" (ML 242) -2.2.2.30 /həkʼɬuːɬ/ "to dry" (ML 241) -8.47 /əwʃeːn/ "tongue" (ML 256), /uːʃɑjn/ (OMhr), /lʃɑːn/ (EYMhr) (CCG 18) -2.2.1.27,**/nɑːɕʷ/ (should be /nɑːɬ/ as in ML 492) "to carry a stretcher" (ML 278) -*/rɬɬ/ "to spray" → /reːɬiːt/ "snake" (ML 330) -2.2.2.34 /sɛː/ "nine" (ML 338) -2.2.1.95, 4.12.4.3 /sʕd/ → /ssɑːd/ "to help" (ML 338) -8.53 /səbuːk/ "to fix together" (ML 339) -8.60 /səħɑːl/ "to sharpen" (ML 345) -8.69 /sɑm/ "poison" (ML 350) -8.78 /sʼɑwm/ "(period of) fast" (ML 368) -2.1 /ʃəbdiːt/ "liver" (ML 392) -4.12.4.1 /ʃəwhekʼɑːt/ (under /whkʼ/) "a hiccup" (ML 424) -8.67 /ʃoːgɑʕ/ "to be brave" (ML 393) -8.63 /ʃiːt/ "backside, buttocks; root" (ML 396) -2.2.1.83 /ʃətʼɑwf/ "to hurt, wound slightly" (ML 396) -8.106 /ʃʼəbɑʔ/, /ʃʼbɑː/ "finger" (ML 397, CCG 18) -4.12.4.2 /ɬʔm/ → /ɬoːm/ "to sell, to buy" (ML 369) -8.108*/ɬʕp/ "wool" → /ɬəft/ "hair" (ML 373) -2.2.2.37*/ɬɑʕr/ "hair" → /ɬɛːr/ "straw" (ML 370) -2.2.2.38 /ɬbʕ/ → /ɬiːbɑ/ "to be satiated" (ML 370) -2.2.2.40 /ɬəbb/ "to flare up (fire)" (ML 370) -8.58 /ɬɑtbəh/ "to be like" (ML 371) -2.2.2.41 /ɬɑbħ/ "fat" (ML 371) -2.2.2.42 /ɬəbuːk/ "to set a snare, make a fence" (ML 371) -8.60 /ɬəfuː/ "to sew" (ML 374) -8.92 /ɬəfuːr/ "to wear new or smart clothes (ML 373) -8.91 /ɬəgɛː(ʕ)/ "envious" (ML 374) -8.63 /ɬəheːd/ "to bear witness" (ML 376) -2.2.2.46 /ɬeːhər/ "first crescent of the moon" (ML 376) -2.2.2.47 /ɬhkʼ/ (under /whkʼ/)→ **/ɬəweːkəkʼ/ (should be /ɬəweːhəkʼ/ as in ML 540) "to have hiccups" (ML 424) -8.67 /ɬjiːb/ "to be white (hair)" (ML 390) -2.2.2.50**/ɬəl/ (should be /ɬəkk/ as in ML 592) "to skewer" (ML 377) -2.2.2.78 /ɬəkuːr/ "to have plenty of milk" (ML 378) -2.2.2.56 /məɬkɑjsʼ/ "sunrise, east" (ML 378) -8.115 /ɬeːkʼəb/ "collar-bone" (ML 379) -8.94 /ɬəll/ "to carry, take" (ML 379) -8.75 /ɬhəliθ/ "three" (ML 380), /ɬhɑliːθ/ (CCG 15) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 /ɬəlɑːθɑjn/ "thirty" (Rubin 2018:299) -4.12.6.2 /ɬɑjməl/ "left" (ML 380) -2.2.2.58 /ɬənðiːr/ "splinter" (ML 381, also Jib, Ħrs) -8.118*/ɬrʕ/ "to stretch" → /ɬiːrɛː/ "sail" (ML 383) -2.2.2.63 /ɬɑtrəb/ "to have bugs" (ML 383) -8.100 /ɬəruːf/ "to build up sticks for a fire" (ML 383) -2.2.2.67 /ɬəruː/ "to skin" (ML 386) -8.52 /ɬərɑjn/ "leg" (ML 382, 386) -8.98 /ɬoːrək/ "to take a share" (ML 384) -2.2.2.65 /ɬɑrkʼ/ "east" (ML 384) -2.2.2.68 /ɬəruːsʼ/ "to swivel (an eye)" (ML 385) -8.101 /ɬɑtrətʼ/ "to be tightened, zipped" (?) (ML 385) -2.2.2.70 /ɬɑrχ/ "lopped, dressed branch" (ML 385) -3.11, 2.2.2.71 /ɬɑssʼər/ "to be cracked" (ML 386) -8.104 /ɬeːtu/ "winter" (ML 387, CCG 23) -2.2.2.73 /ɬətʼrɑjr/ "rag, strip of cloth" (?) (ML 387) -2.2.2.74 /ɬəttʼ/ "to come from afar" (ML 387) -8.112 /ɬɑtwəkʼ/ "to long for" (ML 387) -8.111*/ɬ ̣rs/ → /məɬʼrɑːħ/ "tooth" (ML 478) -2.2.1.93 /tɑjh/ "(fully grown) m. goat" (ML 404), /tɑjjɑh/ (CCG 17) -2.2.1.94 /θəmoːniː/ "eight.f" (ML 417), /θmoːniː/ (CCG 15) -3.11 /tʼɑl/ "dew" (ML 409) -2.1 /tʼɑɬ/ "light rain, shower" (ML 412) -8.119 /tʼəɬɬ/ "to jump, fly up" (ML 412) -2.2.2.81, 8.119 /wəħɬ/ "alone" (ML 425) -2.2.2.82 /χɑjməh/ "five" (ML 443), /χɑjmɑh/ (CCG 15) -2.2.1.100, 4.12.4.*/χls/ "to take away" → /əχtəlhoːt/ "to give birth prematurely, abort" (ML 440) (?) - 2.2.1.99 /χɑʃʃəl/ "to be broken down" (ML 451) -8.126 /χoːt/ "armpit" (ML 396) -8.116<-s₁> "his" (DASI) -4.12.4.4 <s₁dθ> "six.f" (SOW) -3.11 <s₁m> "they/their/them.m" (DASI) -4.12.4.4 /s₁mʕ/ "to hear, listen" (DASI) -2.2.1.68/s₁rq/ "to be stolen" (DASI) -2.2.1.81 <s₁ṭr> "inscription" (DASI) -2.2.1.88 <s₁w> "he/him/his" (DASI) -2.2.1, 3.6, 4.12.4.4 <s₂ʕb> "tribe" (DASI) -2.2.2.36 <s₂hr> "month" (DASI) -2.2.2.47 <s₂jm> "to set" (DASI) -2.2.2.51 <s₂lθ> "three" (DASI) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 <ms₂rq> "East" (DASI) -2.Phoenician, Punic <js> "man" (PPD 75) -2.2.1.1 <ʔm> "if" (Friedrich and Röllig 1999:229) -3.5 /ʔrʃ/ "to ask, request" (Punic) (PPD 74) -8.2 <ʔʃ> "fire" (PPD 76) -2.2.1.4 <ʔʃt> "pillar(?)" (PPD 130) -8.3 <jsd> "base" (PPD 221) -8.121 <kbs> "fuller" (PPD 223) -8.21 /sgr/ "to lock up, imprison" (PPD 340) -8.66 20. Qatabanic -21. Sabaic 317 <ʃʔr> "meat" (PPD 452) -8.52 <ʃbʕt> "oath" (Neo-Punic) (LPP 312) -8.57<ʕs₁m> "a number, a considerable amount" (LIQ 125) -8.4, footnote 108 <ʕs₂q> "excavation" (LIQ 126) -8.5 <ʕs₂r> "ten" (DASI) -2.2.2.4 /ʕs₃b/ "property" (DASI) -2.2.3.5 <s₁dθ> "the sixth day", <s₁dθ ˤs₂r> "sixteen" (DASI, SOW) -3.11 <s₂lθ> "three.f" (DASI) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 <s₂ms₁> "solar deity" (hapax) (DASI, SOW) -3.11 <s₂rs₁> "base, foundation" (SOW) -3.11 <s₃n> "edge; proximity" (DASI) -8.51/ʔs₃r/ "to take captive" (SD 8) -2.2.3.3 /ʔws₁/ "to compensate" (SOW, Stein 2010:719) -2.2.1.6 <ʕrs₂> "hut" (SD 20, SOW) -2.2.2.2 <ʕs₁m> "many, great quantity" (SD 20, SOW) -8.4, footnote 108 <ʕs₁tnm> "first" (DASI) -2.9 <bs₂r> "flesh" (SD 33) -2.2.2.7 <bɬ ̣ʕ> "fatally wounded" (SD 27) "portion" (SOW), /bɬʕ ̣/ "to mutilate" (SOW) -Words Cited 318 <ds₃s₃> "person who conceals" (SD 36) -2.2.3.9 <dws₁jt> "thresh" (SOW, Stein 2010:722) -2.2.1.19 /fls₁/ "to interrupt" (SOW) -2.2.1.40 /fls₃/ "to put to flight" (SD 44) -2.2.3.27 <frs₁> "horse; cavalry" (SD 46) -2.2.1.41 <frs₂> "(broad) valley floor" (SOW) (?) -2.2.2.25 <frs₃t> "part" (SOW) -2.2.3.28 /fs₂ʔ/ "to expand" (SOW) -2.2.2.27 /fs₂ħ/ "to cause to rejoice" (SD 46) -2.2.2.28 <gjs₂> "unit" (SD 52) -2.2.2.8 <hm(j)> "if" (Stein 2003:219) -3.5 <ħns₂> "hunted animals" (SOW) -8.35, footnote 115 <ħs₃j> "well, water point" (SD 72) -8.128 /jbs₁/ "to dry up" (SD 167) -2.2.1.23 /js₁r/ "to send" (SD 167) -2.2.1.24 <klʔj> "both" (SD 77) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kms₁/ "to humiliate, subjugate" (SD 78, SOW) -8.23 <kns₁t> "assembly" (SOW) -8.24 <ʔks₁wt> "clothing" (SD 79) -8.29 <ks₃ʔ> "to find, acquire" (SOW) -2.2.3.15 "assembly" (SD 21, SOW) -2.2.2.5 /ms₁ħ/ "to anoint?" (SD 87, SOW) -2.2.1.31 /ms₁k/ "to keep, make (an alliance)" (SOW) -2.2.1.32 /ms₁s₁/ "to touch" (SD 87) -2.2.1.33 /ms₂j/, /ms₂w/ "to go away" (SD 87) -2.2.2.16 <ms₃d> "base (of statue)" (SD 163) -8.121 /ms₃r/ "to remove, take away" (SD 88) -8.33 <nfs₁> "soul" (SD 93) -2.2.1.36 /ngs₂/ "to gain control (of town)" (SD 93) -2.2.2.18 /nkθ/ "to remove" (DASI) -8.36, footnote 116 <ns₁r> "eagle" (SED 2:166) -2.2.1.39 /ns₂ʔ/ "to arise" (SD 98) -2.2.2.21 /ns₃g/ "to connect, put together" (SD 99, SOW) -8.38 /nṭs₂/ "to spread, scatter" (SOW) -8.43 <qs₃m> "portion, share" (SD 109, SOW) -2.2.3.33 <rʔs₁> "head" (SD 112) -2.2.1.46 /rs₁ʕ/ "to be inflicted with a disease" (SOW) -2.2.1.48 <rs₂d> "righteousness" (SOW) -2.2.2.32 /s₁ʔb/ "to draw water" (SD 121) -3.2, 8.50 /s₁ʕd/ "to help; to be happy" (SD 121) -8.53 21. Sabaic 319 /s₁ʔl/ "to ask, request" (SD 121) -2.2.1.49 <s₁ʕl> "cough" (SD 122), "meaning unknown, group of people?" (SOW) -8.55 <s₁bʕ> "to submit (to a leader); to bewitch" (SD 123, SOW) -8.57 /s₁bj/ "to take captive" (SD 123) -2.2.1.51 <s₁blt> "ear of corn" (SD 123) -2.2.1.52 /s₁bq/ "to succeed"? (SD 123) -2./s₁ħt/ "to throw into disorder" (SD 125) -2.2.1.57 <s₁jṭ> "rainwater cistern" (SD 130) -8.119, footnote 136 /s₁lħ/ "to send, send out" (SOW) -2.2.1.62*/wsm/ → <s₁mt> "line, mark, sign" (SD 163) -2.2.1.96 <s₁nt> "year" (SOW) -2.2.1.71*/wsn/ → <s₁nt> "sleep" (SD 163) -2.2.1.97 /s₁qj/ "to irrigate" (SD 128) -2.2.1.77 <s₁qf> "roof" (SD 128) -2.<s₁wʔ> "bad, wicked" (SD 129) -2.2.1.90 /s₂ʔm/ "to sell, to buy" (SD 130) -8.108 <s₂ʕb> "tribe" (SD 130) -2.2.2.36 <s₂ʕr> "barley" (SD 131) -2.2.2.39 /s₂bʕ/ "to give in abundance" (SD 131) -2.2.2.40 <s₂dw> "mountain?" (SD 131) -2.2.2.45 /s₂fq/ "to be enough, abundant" (SD 131) -8.88 <s₂h> "sheep" (SD 132) -2.2.2.49 <s₂hr> "beginning of month" (SD 132) -2.2.2.47 /s₂jm/ "to set up, erect" (SD 136) -2.2.2.51 /s₂kr/ "to repay" (SOW) -2.2.2.56 <s₂lθ> "three" (SD 132) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 <s₂ms₁> "sun" (SD 133) -3.11 <s₂nʔ> "enemy" (SD 133) -2.2.2.60 /s₂nq/ "to provide, give provisions" (SOW) -8.85 /s₂rʕ/ "to erect, construct" (SD 133) -2.2.2.63 <s₂rg> "watercourse?" (?) (SD 134) -2.2.2.64 <s₂rm> "outlet, channel" (SD 134) -8.99 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 320 <s₂rq> "dawn" (SD 134) -2.2.2.68 <s₂rs₁> "foundation", /s₂rs₁/ "to extirpate" (SD 134) -3.11 /s₂tr/ "to destroy" (SD 135) -2.2.2.72 /s₂wʕ/ "to do service" (?) (SD 136) -2.2.2.76 /s₂wf/ "to appear; to protect" (SD 136) -8.110 /s₃bb/ "to engage with (enemy) at close quarters" (SD 137) (?) -2.2.3.39 /s₃gd/ "to submit, humble oneself" (SD 137) -2.2.3.42 /s₃ħb/ "to tear away, drag away" (SOW) -2.2.3.43 /s₃ll/ "to plunder" (SD 138) -8.75 /s₃lf/ "to be leveled, destroyed" (SOW) -2.2.3.49 <ɬ ̣rs₁> "molar tooth" (SD 42) -2.2.1.93 <tjs₁> "buck" (Sima 2000:143) -2.2.1.94 <tkms₃t> "humiliation(?)" (DASI) -8.23, footnote 112 <ts₁ʕ> "nine" (SD 148) -2.2.1.95 /θʕj/ "to take care" (SOW) -8.54 /θll/ "to carry off booty" (SD 150) -8.75 <ws₁ṭ> "middle" (SD 163) -2.9 <ʔm>, <ʔn> "if" (Al-Jallad 2015a:160) -3.5 <ʔsjt> "hide (heap of stones or a stone wall that a hunter uses to conceal himself from prey" (DSI 48) -8.3 /ʔws/ "to grant a boon" (DSI 49), <ʔwsn> "boon" (DSI 50) -2.2.1.6 /bʔs/ "to inflict misfortune" (DSI 38) -2.2.1.10 <kl> "both" (Al-Jallad 2015a:324, cf. DSI 90) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 <ls> "negative existential" (DSI 93) -3.10 /sʕd/ "to help", <sʕd> "good fortune" (DSI 119) -8.53 <sʕdt> "good fortune" (Winnett 1937:31, Littmann 1940:79) (Thamudic B) -8.53 /sqr/ "to be sun-scorched" (DSI 123) -8.96**(?)/ʔenes/ "something small" (LS 68) -8.1 /ʕɑm/ "if" (CSOL I:492) -3.5 /ʕoemor/ "to say" (CSOL I:493) -footnote 141 /ʕetʼoʃ/, /ʕetʼoj/ "to sneeze" (LS 307, CSOL I:503) -2.2.1.9, 4.12.4.2 /behel/ "to be cooked" (LS 83) -2.2.1.12, 4.12.4.2 22. Safaitic / Thamudic 321 /ənbərɛʔiɬ/ "to get in motion" (LS 94, CSOL I:519) -8.8 /beʃe/ "to cry" (LS 99) -4.12.4.1 /bʃr/ "to announce news" (LS 99) (Arabism) -8.9 /biʃreh/ "palm branch" (LS 99), /bəʃrɛ/ "a ripe date" (CSOL I:520) -8.10 /bɬr/ "to give good news" (LS 99) -8.9 /beɬʼɑːʕɑ/ "merchandise" (LS 93) -2.3.3.2.1 /d(j)ɑħɬi/ "other" (LS 125) -2.2.2.82 /fegoɬ/ "to pursue" (CSOL II:454) -8.45 /fɑkʼħ/ "part" (LS 339) -4.12.4.1 /foetʼɑʃ/ "to kick out" (CSOL I:539) -8.11 /gɑʃɑʕ/ "to belch" (LS 117), "to kill" (CSOL I:547) -8.14 /mugʃəm/ "boy, son" (CSOL I:547) -2.2.1.15 /goɬə/ "to belch" (CSOL I:547) -8.14 /hmʕ/ → /hjemɑħ/, /himɑʕ/ "to hear" (LS 144, CSOL I:694) -2.2.1.68, 4.12.4.2 /herɑkʼ/ "to steal" (LS 146) /j ɦ erɑkʼ/ (CSOL I:695) -2.2.1.81, 4.12.4.2 /ħeboʃ/ "to wrap around" (Kogan p.c.) -2.2.1.20 /ħfɑɬ/ "to run lightly" (LS 185) (?) -2.2.2.10 /ħlʃ/ "to ruin, annihilate" (LS 178) -8.126 /ħemiʃ/ "five.f" (LS 182), /ħiməj/ (CSOL II:479), /ħemih/, /χɑːmɑj/ (WSoq)/ "seven.f" (LS 140) -4.12.4.2 /j ɦ eb/, /ʃebb/ "to heat, blow (on fire)" (LS 410, CSOL I:692) -8.58 /j ɦ ekʼɑf/ "to make a roof" (LS 146, CSOL I:693) -2.2.1.79 /kbs/ "to press in" (LS 213) -8.21 /kobɬ/ "ram" (LS 214) -8.22 /kɑʔl ʕ ɑ/ "both" (CSOL I:574) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kɑʃɑħ/ "to chop, cut off" (CSOL II:505) -8.26 /kes/ "to hide" (LS 215) -8.29 /kozi/ "shoulder" (LS 216) -8.25 /kʼɑːʃɑħ/ "to cut" (CCG 105) -8.26 /kʼɬʕ/ → /kʼeɬɑħ/, /kʼeɬɑʕ/ "to be dry" (LS 389, CSOL I:595, CCG 104) -8.47 /kʼɑɬen/ "wood" (LS 388) -2.2.2.29 /leʃin/ "tongue" (LS 236), /liʃin/ (CSOL I:604, CCG 91) -4.12.4.2 /mesə/ "to mash (under water)" (CSOL II:542) -8.31*/nɬʔ/ → /miɬiʔoh/ "bucket" (LS 277) -2.2.2.21 /nɑʕseh/ "piece" (LS 269) -8.1 /nɑħɑɬ/ "to be parched" (LS 265) -8.130, see footnote 140 /nofoɬ/ "to go in the afternoon, evening" (LS 272) -8.39 /nekʼoɬ/ "to hit, pierce" (LS 276) -8.37 /neʃe/ "to forget" (LS 276) -2.2.1.37 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 322 /rɑgʃeh/ "screaming" (LS 394) -2.2.1.49 /rej/, /reh/ "head" (LS 390), /ri/ (CSOL I:631), /reʃ/ (CCG 90) -2.2.1.46, 4.12.4.2 /sɑʕ/ "nine" (LS 289), /seʕe/, /sɑʕ/ (CSOL I:639), /sɑʕitə/ (CCG 85) -2.2.1.95,*/wt ͡ sp/ → /sef/ "to come after, augment" (LS 283) -2.2.3.57 /ʔesʼbɑħ/, /ʔəsʼbəʕ/, /ʔesʼbɑʕ/ "finger" (LS 70, CSOL I:478, CCG 91) -4.12.4.2 /ʃəbde/ "liver" (LS 410) -4.12.4.1 /ʃɑfəl/ "belly" (Lonnet and Simeone-Senelle 1991:1475) -8.87 /ʃħɑsʼ/ "to split" (LS 427), see also /ɬħs/ -8.115 /ʃħɑtʼ/ "to strike" (LS 414, CSOL I:659) -2.2.1.91 /ʃħo/ "armpit" (Lonnet and Simeone-Senelle 1991:1476, CCG 92) -8.116 /ʃugɑʕɑ/ "bravery" (LS 658) -8.63 /ʃilhi/ "starling" (LS 417) -8.77 /ʃll/ "to take by force" (LS 417) -8.75 /ʃilil/ "to plant" (LS 417) -8.103, footnote 129 /ʃɔm/ "sun" (LS 418), /ʃɑm/, /ʃiːhum/ (CCG 95, 100) -3.11 /ʃem/ "name" (LS 418, CCG 88), /ʃɛm/ (CSOL I:660), /hem/ (CCG 88) -2.2.1.67,*/wsn/ "to sleep" → /ʃino/ "part of night before the dawn" (LS 419, CSOL I:660) -*/skʼl/ "to hang" → /miʃtekʼehɑl/ "steep, turned upside down; inclined" (?) (LS 421, CSOL I:694) -2.2.1.78 /ʃirɑħ/ "navel" (LS 421, Lonnet and Simeone-Senelle 1991:1475) -2.2.1.82 /ʃete/ "weaving" (LS 423) -2.2.1.85 /ʃʼɑdhər/ "cooking pot" (LS 157) -4.12.4.1 /ɬiʔob/ "source, origin" (LS 423), /ɬʕb/ "to flow" (CSOL II:596) -8.50 /ɬiom/ "to sell, to buy" (LS 429) -8.108 /ɬebe/ "lip" (LS 424, CSOL I:664) -2.2.2.61 /ɬibkeh/ "veil, net" (LS 424) -8.60 /ɬigor/ "to make a fence, to close" (LS 425) -8.66 /ɬileh/ "three.f" (LS 430), /ɬəʎɛ/ (CSOL 667) -2.2.2.57, 3.11, 4.12.6.2 /ɬəlˤɑ/ "thirty" (CSOL 667) -4.12.6.2 /ɬħof/ "milk" (LS 427) -8.114 /ɬħus/ "to split" (CCG 110) -8.115**/ɬħo/ "armpit" (LS 427) -8.116, footnote 150 /ɬe/ "to give" (LS 428) -8.72*/ɬwj/ "to roast" → /ɬə/ "to singe" (CSOL I:671) -2.2.2.77/ɬɑrɑħ/ "to tear away, eradicate, pluck" (CSOL I:670) -3.11 /ɬəriːħo/, WSoq /ɬəriːχo/ "root" (CCG 94) -3.11 /ɬerəm/ "to treat harshly" (CSOL I:670) (?) -8.99/teʃ/ "male goat" (LS 441, CCG 90 "sexually mature billy-goat of proven fertility kept for breeding and not slaughtered"), /tɛjʃ/ "he-goat used as a sire" (CSOL II:614) -2.2.1.94, 4.12.4./ʕɑʃkʼ-/ "to love passionately" (WT 466) -8.6 /bɑhɑʃ-/ "to rub" (WT 267) (?) -2.2.1.11 /bɑʃl-/ "to be ripe, to boil" (WT 283) -2.2.1.12 /bɑʃɑːm/ "(balsam) tree" (WT 283) -2.2.2.6 /bɑʃʃɑr-/ "to bring good news" (WT 283) -8.9 /dɑwʃɑʃ-/ "to crush" (WT 537) -2.2.1.19 /gəss-/ "to stroke one's face with the hands" (WT 580) -2.2.1.17 /gɑsʕ-/ "to belch" (WT 580) -8.14 /hɑrʃ-/ "to break into pieces" (WT 10) -2.2.3.10 /hɑːb/ "fire; heat" (WT 15) -8.58 /ħɑːbuʃ/ "species of locusts" (WT 79) -8.18 /kɑbh-/ "to decline" (WT 409) -8.21 /kɑbs-/ "to fold cloth" (WT 410) -8.21 /kɨlʔe/ "two.f" (WT 392) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kɑmh-/ "to knock down" (WT 394) -8.23 /kɑmɑʃ-/ "to taste" (WT 395) -8.27 /ʔɑskʼɑmkʼɑm-/ "to make groan" (WT 238) -3.4 /nɑʔɑʃ-/ "to be small" (WT 332) -8.1 /ʔɑsnɑkʼnɑkʼ-/ "to be strongly affected" (WT 328) -3.4 /sɨʔɨn/ "shoe, sandal" (WT 191) -8.51 /sɨʕ/ "nine" (WT 311) -4.12.4.3 /sɑʕɑːd/ "luck, fortune" (WT 195) -8.53 /sɨgɑːd/ "neck" (WT 199) -8.25 /sɑħɑl-/ "to whet, sharpen" (WT 170) -8.69 /sikʼ belɑ/ "to sputter through the teeth" (WT 181) -8.67 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 324 /sɨkʼukʼɑː/ "lower part of the leg" (WT 182) -8.93 /səno/ "Monday" (WT 186) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /ʃɨbɨr/ "hind-quarter and tail-piece of a slaughtered animal" (WT 216) -2.2.2.47 /ʃɑmtʼ-/ "to strip off", /ʃɑmtʼɑtʼ-/ "to tear off (leaves)" (WT 210) -8.83 /ʃɑnɨf/ "mouth (of animals)" (WT 221) -2.2.2.61 /ʃɨnfɨllɑː/ "one of ruminants' four stomahcs" (WT 221) -8.87 /ʔɑstɑrgɑm-/ "to interpret" (WT 310) -3.4 /tes/ "big and fat ram" (WT 311) -2.2.1.94 /wɨʃɑtʼe/ "interior" (WT 438) -2.2.1.98 25. Tigrinya /ʔɨsɑt/ "fire" (TED 1450) -2.2.1.4 /bəʔɑs-/ "to be bad" (TED 1167) -2.2.1.10 /bəsəl-/ "to cook; to ripen" (TED 1138) -2.2.1.12 /ʔɑbəssər-/, /ʔɑbsər-/, /ʔɑbəʃʃər-/ "to bring good news" (TED 1139) -8.9 /bəttʼəs-/ "to break" (TED 1207) -8.11 /dəhɑt ͡ sʼ-/, /dəħɑt ͡ sʼ-/ "to crush, trample" (TED 2044, 2060) -8.13 /fərʃəħe-/ "to collapse; to flood" (TED 2663) /g w əsɨʕe-/ "to belch" (TED 2283) -8.14 /ħɑʃəw bəl-/ "to be dry (leaves)" (TED 212) -8.130 /kəbhe-/ "to interrupt someone who is speaking" (TED 1626) -8.21 /kəbəs-/ "to fold cloth" (TED 1630) -8.21 /kɨlɨttə/, /kɨltə/ "two" (TED 1564) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /kəmhe-/ "to clog, stop up; cause disgust" (TED 1580) -8.23 /kənnəʃ-/ "to assemble" (TED 1647) -8.24 /k w ərʃəmʃəmɑ/ "crispy" (TED 1593) -8.27 /kɨsɑd/ "neck" (TED 1619) -8.25 /k w əʃɑm ʔɑbbəl-/ "to break" (TED 1621) -8.28 /k w əʃħe-/ "to crush" (TED 1621) -8.26 /kʼəməs-/ "to taste, to have a bite to eat" (TED 914) /kʼərsəm-/ "to break up twigs" (TED 931) -8.28 /kʼəʃəm bəl-/ "to break easily" (TED 969) -8.28 /təmɑʕɑʃ-/ "to neglect, disregard" (TED 481) -8.30 /nəʔɑs-/, /nɑʔɑs-/ "to be small, little" (TED 1336) -8.1 /nəsnəs ʔɑbbəl-/ "to wag (tail), swing, sway" (TED 1309) -8.41 /nəssət-/ "to destroy" (TED 1308) -8.42 /sɑʔni/ "sandal, shoe" (TED 745) -8.51 /səʕɑb-/ "to follow" (TED 764) -8.50 /səʕɑl-/ "to cough" (TED 760) -8.55 /səgʔe-/, /səgʕe-/ "to be afraid, mistrust; to threaten" (TED 782, 783) /səħɑl-/ "to file, sharpen, whet" (TED 641) -8.69 /səmər-/ "to arrange, lace together" (TED 651) -8.1 26. Ugaritic 325 /sənuj/, /sonuj/ "Monday" (TED 735) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 /sənək ͡ xʼ-/ "to prepare, take provisions" (TED 719) -8.85 /sənt ͡ sʼɑr/ "splinter" (TED 741) -8.118 /səsħe-/ "to be thin" (TED 687) -8.104 /səxəb-/ "to lie down, go to bed; to bow, bend down" (TED 749) -8.3 /ʃəbəb-/ "to scorch, burn" (TED 840) -8.58 /ʃifʃɨf/ "eyebrow" (TED 875) -2.2.2.37 /ʔɑʃgɨʕe-/ "to delude" (TED 872) -8.63 /ʃəħrər-/ "to be charred" (TED 810) -8.70 /ʃəkk w əb-/ "to draw aside in order to stoop and conceal oneself from view" (TED 859) -8.73 /ʃələk ͡ x w ʼ-/ "to be burned, burning" (TED 806) -8.76 /ʃəmrər-/ "to band together under the impluse of fear" (TED 813) -8.81 /ʃəmtʼətʼ-/ "to strip or remove fruit or leaves from a plant or tree" (TED 819) -8.83 /ʃəmtʼətʼ-/ "to slander" (TED 819) /ʃɨnfɨllɑ/ "second stomach of ruminants" (TED 853) -8.87 /ʃənək ͡ xʼ-/ "to be tight, tied hard" (TED 847), /ʃənkʼək ͡ xʼ-/ "to strangle" -8.84 /ʃəntəʼtʼ-/ "to speak maliciously" (TED 852) /ʃərəb-/, /sərəb-/ "to drink" (TED 674, 824) -8.100 /ʃərməm-/ "to tear off a piece" (TED 821) -8.99 /tʼəsəs bəl-/, /tʼəʃəʃ bəl-/ "to be cool (air after rain)" (TED 2439) -8.120 /tʼəstʼəs-/ "to be drenched, soaked" (TED 2440) -8.119 /t ͡ ʃʼɨk ͡ xʼ bəl-/, /t ͡ sʼik ͡ xʼ bəl-/, /t ͡ sʼɨk ͡ xʼ bəl-/ "to spit between clenched teeth" (TED 2510, 2571) -8.67, footnote 123 /wɨstʼi/ "in, inside" (TED 1747) -2.2.1.98 26. Ugaritic <id> "then, when" (DUL 16) -3.9 <ɑnʃt> "illness, weakness" (DUL 84) (?) -8.*/qɬr/ → /ʔqʃr/ "which sloughs its skin" (DUL 94) -2.2.2.30 <inʃ> "people" (DUL 84) -2.2.1.2 /ʔrʃ/ "to wish, to desire" (DUL 108) -8.2 <irʃt> "request" (DUL 109) -8.2 <ɑsm> "granary" (DUL 113/uʃn/ "present, gift" (DUL 118) -2.2.1.6 <iʃ> <IŠ-TU₄>, <I-ŠI-T[U₄]> "fire" (DUL 119) -2.2.1.4 <iθ> "to be, exist" (DUL 123) -3.10 <ʕps>, <ʕbs> "boundary"(?) (DUL 175) -2.2.3.4 /ʕrs/ "to celebrate" (DUL 184) -8.2 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 326 <ʕrʃ> "bed" (DUL 185) -2.2.2.2 <ʕṣ> <IṢ-ṢÚ> "wood, tree" (DUL 186) -2.3.3.2.1 <ʕʃr> "ten" (DUL 188) -2.2.2.4 /ʕʃr/ "to invite; to give a banquet" (DUL 188, see also Dietrich and Loretz 1991) -<biʃt> "bad, foul-smelling" (DUL 204) -2.2.1.10 /bʃl/ "to cook" (DUL 242) -2.2.1 <bʃr> "flesh, meat" (DUL 243) -2.2.2.7 /grdʃ/ "to be undermined, ruined" (DUL 307) -8.16 /grʃ/ "to eject, drive out" (DUL 309) -2.2.1.13 <gʃm> "rain" (DUL 310) -2.2.1.14 <hm> "if" (DUL 340) -3.5 <ħbʃ> "cinch, belt" (DUL 353) -2.2.1.20 /ħdθ/ "to be new" (DUL 355) -4.12.2.1 <ħpʃt> "woman gathering (straw)" (DUL 367) -2.2.2.10 <ħrʃ> "magic spell" (DUL 371, see Kogan 2015:295) -2.2.1.22 /ħsl/ "to destroy" (DUL 373) -8.1 /ħsp/ "to skim" (KWU 47) -8.129 <jsm> "handsome, pleasant" (DUL 984) -2.2.3.56 /jʃn/ "to sleep, to fall asleep" (DUL 988) -2.2.1.97 <jʃr> "uprightness, lawfulness" (DUL 989) -2.2.1.24 /jθb/ "to sit" (DUL 994) -4.12.2.1 /kbs/ "to walk" (KWU 56) (?) -8.21 /kbs/ "to launder" (DUL 429) -8.21 <klɑt> "both" (DUL 438) -4.12.6.2, footnote 96 <kpθ> "floor" (DUL 453) -8.21 <ks> "cup" (DUL 459) -2.2.3.14 /ksj/ "to cover oneself" (DUL 466) -8.29 <ksl> "back, shoulder" (DUL 461) -2.2.3.16 <ksp> <KÀS-PU>, <KA-AS-PU> "silver" (DUL 463) -2.2.3.17 /lbʃ/ "to dress, wear" (DUL 492) -2.2.1.25, 4.12.2.1 <lʃn> <LA-ŠA-NU> "tongue" (DUL 505) -2.2.1.27 /lṭʃ/ "to sharpen" (DUL 507) -2.2.1.28 <lχʃt> "whisper, murmur" (DUL 497) -2.2.1.29 /kms/ "to bend" (DUL 446) -8.23 <mʕṣd> <MA-ṢA-DU> "sickle(?)" (DUL 523) -2.3.3.2.1 <msg> "skin, leather" (DUL 581) -8.32 <msdt> "foundation(s)" (DUL 581) -8.121 /mʃħ/ "to anoint" (DUL 590) -2.2.1.31 /mʃr/ "to set a vehice in motion, to drive it(?)" (DUL 593) -8.33 <mʃspdt> "wailing woman, hired mourner" (DUL 594) -2.2.3.52<nʃr> "bird of prey" (DUL 650) -2.2.1.39 /nts/ "to smash" (KWU 92) -8.42 /nχʃ/ "to back away" (KWU 89) (?) -8.44 /prsħ/ "to collapse" (DUL 682) -8.46 /prʃ/ "to extend" (DUL 683) -2.2.2.25 <qʃ> "tankard" (DUL 717) -2.2.2.31 <qʃt> <QA-AŠ-TU₄> "bow" (DUL 718) -2.2.1.45 <riʃ> "head" (DUL 724) -2.2.1.46 /rks/ "to gird, tie" (DUL 740) -2.2.3.34 /rps/ "to trample" (DUL 744) -2.2.3.36 /rʃʕ/ "to be defective; to suffer harm", <rʃʕ> "bad person" (DUL 747) -2.2.1.48 /sʔd/ "to support" (DUL 751) -8.53 <sin> "edge, hem" (DUL 751) -8.51 /sbb/ "to turn round" (DUL 752) -2.2.3.39 /sgr/ "to close" (DUL 754) -8.66 <smm> "perfume" (DUL 763) -8.78 /spr/ "to count" (DUL 766) -4.12.2.1, 8.89 <ʃ> "sheep" (DUL 794) -2.2.2.49 /ʃʔb/ "to draw or carry water" (DUL 794) -8.50*/swʔ/ "bad"→ <ʃij> "assassin" (?) (DUL 798) -2.2.1.89 /ʃʔl/ "to ask" (DUL 795) -2.2.1.49 <ʃin> "shoe, sandal(?)" (DUL 796) -8.51 <ʃir> <ŠI-I-RU> "flesh" (DUL 797) -8.52 <ʃʕr> "hair" (DUL 798) -2.2.2.38 /ʃbʕ/ "to be sated" (DUL 801) -2.2.2.40 <ʃbj> "prisoner" (DUL 807) -2.2.1.51 <ʃblt> "ear (of corn)" (DUL 805) -2.2.1.52 <ʃd> <ŠA-DU-Ú> "open field" (DUL 807) -2.2.2.45 <ʃgr> "offspring of cattle" (DUL 812) -8.64 *<ʃhr> <ŠI-A-RU> "crescent" (KWU 118) -2.2.2.47 <ʃħr> "dawn" (DUL 812) -2.2.1.56 <ʃb> "old man", <ʃbt> "old age" (DUL 801, 807) -2.2.2.50 /ʃjr/ "to sing" (DUL 840) -2.2.1.58 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 328 /ʃjt/ "to place, set up" (DUL 848) -2.2.1.59 /ʃkb/ "to lie down" (DUL 814) -8.73 /ʃkn/ "to be placed, settle, stay" (DUL 815) -2.2.1.60 /ʃkr/ "to hire" (DUL 816) -2.2.2.56 /ʃkr/ "to become intoxicated" (DUL 816) -2.2.1.61 /ʃlħ/ "to stretch, throw; to send" (DUL 816) -2.2.1.62 /ʃll/ "to plunder, rob" (DUL 817) -8.75 /ʃlm/ "to be well, in peace" (DUL 817) -2.2.1.63 /ʃlw/ "to rest" (DUL 821) -2.2.1.65 <ʃm> "name" (DUL 822) -1. <ʃmɑl> "left" (DUL 822) -2.2.2.58 /ʃmʕ/ "to hear" (DUL 823) -2.2.1.68 <ʃmm> <ŠA-MU-MA> "sky" (DUL 826) -2.2.1.69 <ʃmn> "oil, fat" (DUL 827) -2.2.1.70 /ʃmχ/ "to be glad, rejoice" (DUL 825) -2.2.2.59 <ʃn> "tooth" (DUL 832) -2.2.1.73 /ʃnʔ/ "to hate" (DUL 832) -2.2.2.60 /ʃns/ "to gird oneself" (DUL 833) -8.86 <ʃnt> "year" (DUL 833) -2.2.1.71 /ʃnw/ "to be disfigured; to depart" (?) (DUL 834) -2.2.1.72 /ʃpk/ "to spill" (DUL 835) -2.2.1.74 /ʃpl/ "to bend down" (DUL 836) -2.2.1.75 <ʃpr> "horn" (DUL 836) -8.90 <ʃpʃ> <ŠA-AP-ŠU> "sun" (DUL 836) -3.11 <ʃpt> "lip" (DUL 838) -2.2.2.61 <ʃq> "thigh, leg" (DUL 839) -8.93 /ʃqj/ "to offer (something to) drink" (DUL 840) -2.2.1.77 /ʃql/ "to move away" (KWU 122) -8.95 /ʃqp/ "to notice, realize(?)" (DUL 839) -2.2.1.79 <ʃr> "prince, sovereign" (DUL 842) -2.2.2.69 <ʃr> "navel" (DUL 842) -2.2.1.82 <ʃrʕ> "flow" (DUL 843) -8.56 <ʃrʃ> "root" (DUL 845) -3.11 /ʃrg/ "to twist, tangle up" (DUL 844) -2.2.2.64 /ʃrj/, /ʃrw/ "to release" (DUL 846) -2.2.1.80 /ʃrk/ "to team up with, join" (DUL 844) -2.2.2.65 /ʃrp/ "to burn" (DUL 844) -2.2.2.67 <ʃʃrt> "chain" (KWU 124) -8.40, footnote 118 <ʃt> "base, foot" (DUL 851) -2.2.1.83 /ʃtj/ "to drink" (DUL 852) -2.2.1.84 <ʃtt> "spun, woven" (DUL 852) -2.2.1.85 <ʃχp> "colostrum, first milk" (DUL 813) -8.114 <ʃχṭ> "slaughterer" (DUL 813) -2.2.1.91 <ʃzr> "cord (?)" (DUL 854) -8.118" (DUL 904) -4.12.2.1 <θlθ> "three" (DUL 907) -3.11, 4.12.2.1, 4.12.6.2 /θrm/ "to feed" (DUL 931) -8.99 /θʃ/ "to plunder" (KWU 135) -8.120 /θtʕ/ "to be afraid" (DUL 935) -8.54 <θṭ> "a piece of cloth or garment" (DUL 936) -8.83 <θθ> "six" (DUL 936) -3.11, 4.12.2.1 /wsr/ "to teach" (DUL 943) -2.2.3.13 <χmʃ> "five" (DUL 396) -2.2.1.100 /χsr/ "to fail, be missing" (DUL 410) -2.2.3.60 /χss/ "to remember" (DUL 410) -2.2.3.59 <χʃt> "sepulchre, mausoleum" (DUL 412) -8.128 27. Egyptian *<ħsr> "to expel" (Faber 1984:201) -8.126 <ẖms> "to bend the back with respect" (Faulkner 1991:201) -8.23 <ẖnn> "to disturb" (Faulkner 1991:202) -8.126 <ı͗ ꜣʃ>"tocall,summon"(Faulkner 1991:9)-8.2 <ksm> "to defy; to profane" (Faulkner 1991:287) -8.28 <mskꜣ> "skin, leather" (Faulkner 1991:118) -8.32 <msq> "leather" (Faulkner 1991:118) -8.32 <nt j s> "little, small" (Faulkner 1991:145) -8.1 <nsꜣ> "type of knife" (Faulkner 1991:139) -8.40 <śꜣb> "to drip" (Faulkner 1991:209) -8.50 <sꜣt> "wall" (Faulkner 1991:208) -8.3 <sbꜣ> "star" (Faulkner 1991:219) -8.58 <sbḳ> "calf of leg" (Faulkner 1991:220) -8.87 <sħt j > "to shine" (Faulkner 1991:239) -8.115 <sẖb>, <sẖp> "to gulp, drink; to infuse liquid" (Erman and Grapow 1971:268-269)-8.114 <sẖn> "to demolish" (Faulkner 1991:244) -8.126 <smw> "plants, herbage, vegetables" (Faulkner 1991:225) -8.78 <sʃ> "to cut linen" (Faulkner 1991:246) -4.12.3.5 <sʃn> "lotus" (Faulkner 1991:248) -4.12.3.5 <stf> "to carefully pour a liquid when preparing medicine; liquid" (Erman and Grapow 1971:342) -8.105 <stp> "to cut up animal" (Faulkner 1991:254) -8.106 <swtwt> "to walk about; journey, travel" (Faulkner 1991:218) -8.112 /ʃɑɑr/ "skin" (Coptic) (Crum 1939:582) -8.52 11 Indices of Roots and Words Cited 330 <ʃꜣsw> "those who travel" (Erman and Grapow 1971:412) -8.120**<ʃm> "grass" (AHw 1156, Faber 1984:212) → see g<smw> <ʃs> "alabaster" (Faulkner 1991:270) -4.12.3.5 <t jh msw> "injury, harm" (Faulkner 1991:305) -8.122 <wsı͗ > "saw" (Faulkner 1991:68) -8.
