Estimated annual costs of agri-food system climate mitigation by 2030, by action (in billion U.S. dollars)

It is estimated that the global agrifood system needs an average of *** billion U.S. dollars in climate change mitigation financing per year by 2030 to put the world on a pathway to net zero by 2050. The actions that would require the most investment are protecting and restoring nature, such as through avoiding the conversion of forestland, forest restoration, and forest management. Meanwhile, between ** and ** billion U.S. dollars would be needed annually for diversifying protein supplies, such as with plant-based meat and edible insect protein. These actions and measures could reduce agrifood system GHG emissions to ***** GtCO₂e eq by 2030.