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std::list<T,Allocator>::back

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | container‎ | list

[edit template]
 
C++
 
Containers library
 
std::list
Member functions
Non-member functions
(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)
Deduction guides(C++17)
 
reference back();
 (1) (constexpr since C++26)
const_reference back() const;
 (2) (constexpr since C++26)

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

If empty() is true, the behavior is undefined.

(until C++26)

If empty() is true:

  • If the implementation is hardened, a contract violation occurs. Moreover, if the contract-violation handler returns under “observe” evaluation semantic, the behavior is undefined.
  • If the implementation is not hardened, the behavior is undefined.
(since C++26)

Contents

[edit] Return value

Reference to the last element.

[edit] Complexity

Constant.

[edit] Notes

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end()).

[edit] Example

Run this code
#include <cassert>
#include <list>
 
int main()
{
    std::list<char> letters{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
    assert(letters.back() == 'd');
}

[edit] See also

 access the first element
(public member function) [edit]
(C++11)
 returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
(public member function) [edit]
(C++11)
 returns an iterator to the end
(public member function) [edit]
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