Integration of electric vehicles and management in the internet of energy
Abstract
Due to the environmental and energy crisis, many countries around the world are electrifying transportation, which will significantly change the way the current power grid operates. It is expected that the deployment of future smart grids will allow two-way energy and information flows through plug-and-play operation of small distributed mobile power generators like electric vehicles (EVs) to benefit the prosumers and at the same time make the grid more efficient and robust. However, the issues associated with the energy and information transfer, battery technologies, battery charging schemes, their standards and management need to be addressed in order to achieve the full benefits of EV integration in the future smart grids and internet of energy (IoE) with local renewable generation. As the current grid with existing infrastructure cannot ensure maximum benefits from EVs, this paper reviews the EV technologies, their connectivity, impacts on grid and standards required for the efficient and economic operation of EVs with distributed energy resources in the IoE. The evolution, comparison, and storage potential of EV technologies are thoroughly discussed. This paper also extensively reviews the connectivity issues, for example current EV charging schemes, software tools required to design smart charging, associated challenges, and possible solutions. The architecture of distributed energy management schemes with EVs and the IoE is discussed in detail. Finally, the standards related to EV integration, energy transfers, and safety aspects are provided. Based on the comprehensive review, future directions are put forward which will be useful for researchers and engineers working with EVs.
- Publication:
-
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
- Pub Date:
- February 2018
- DOI:
- Bibcode:
- 2018RSERv..82.4179M
- Keywords:
-
- ADVISOR;
- Advanced Vehicle Simulator;
- APF;
- Active power filter;
- API;
- Application programming interface;
- AMI;
- Advanced metering infrastructure;
- ATP;
- Alternative Transient Program;
- BB;
- Battery bank;
- BEV;
- Battery electric vehicle;
- BMS;
- Battery management system;
- CAN;
- Controlled area network;
- CC;
- Constant current;
- CHEV;
- Complex Hybrid Electric Vehicle;
- COMPOSE;
- Compare Options for Sustainable Energy;
- CV;
- Constant voltage;
- DEMS;
- Distributed energy management system;
- DSM;
- Demand-side management;
- DR;
- Demand-response;
- EV;
- Electric vehicle;
- EMCAS;
- Electricity Market Complex Adaptive System;
- EMS;
- Energy management system;
- EPA;
- Environmental Protection Agency;
- EPC;
- Evolved Packet Core;
- ETSI;
- European Telecommunications Standards Institute;
- EVSP;
- Electric Vehicles Standards Panel;
- EVSE;
- EV supply equipment;
- FCV;
- Fuel Cell Vehicle;
- FP;
- Fuel Processor;
- GTMax;
- Generation and Transmission Maximization;
- G2V;
- Grid-to-vehicle;
- HAN;
- Home area network;
- HEV;
- Hybrid electric vehicle;
- ICE;
- Internal combustion engine;
- IMSI;
- International Mobile Subscriber Identity;
- INFORSE;
- International Network for Sustainable Energy;
- IoE;
- Internet of energy;
- IoT;
- Internet of things;
- IP;
- Internet protocol;
- Li-Fe-PO<SUB loc="post">4</SUB>;
- Lithium Iron Phosphate;
- LTE;
- Long-term evolution;
- mpg-e;
- Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent;
- MSISDN;
- Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number;
- MTC;
- Machine type communication;
- M2M;
- Machine-to-machine;
- NAN;
- Neighborhood area network;
- NEMS;
- National Energy Modeling System;
- Ni-Cd;
- Nickel Cadmium;
- Ni-H;
- Nickel Hydrogen;
- NiMH;
- Nickel Metal Hydride;
- Ni-Z;
- Nickel Zinc;
- OpenDSS;
- Open Distribution System Simulator;
- ORCED;
- Oak Ridge Competitive Electricity Dispatch;
- PHEV;
- Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle;
- PEV;
- Plug-in electric vehicle;
- PDN-GW;
- Packet data network gateway;
- PFC;
- Power factor correction;
- PS;
- Power Split;
- RAPSim;
- Renewable Alternative Power Systems Simulation;
- RESS;
- Rechargeable energy storage systems;
- PSAF;
- Power Systems Analysis Framework;
- PSAT;
- Power System Analysis Toolkit;
- SPHEV;
- Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle;
- SC;
- Super-capacitor;
- SCADA;
- Supervisory control and data acquisition;
- SOC;
- State-of-charge;
- SOH;
- State-of-health;
- SRLS;
- Smart residential load simulator;
- SST;
- Solid State Transformer;
- UC;
- Ultra-capacitor;
- V2B;
- Vehicle-to-Building;
- V2G;
- Vehicle-to-grid;
- V2H;
- Vehicle-to-home;
- V2G-Sim;
- Vehicle-to-grid Simulator;
- ZCS;
- Zero-current switching;
- ZVS;
- Zero-voltage switching;
- 3GPP;
- Third-generation partnership project;
- Distributed energy management;
- Electric vehicle;
- Future smart grid;
- Internet of energy;
- Renewable energy;
- V2G