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Default constructors

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A default constructor is a constructor which can be called with no arguments.

Contents

[edit] Syntax

class-name (parameter-list (optional)); (1)
class-name (parameter-list (optional)) function-body (2)
class-name () = default; (3) (since C++11)
class-name (parameter-list (optional)) = delete; (4) (since C++11)
class-name ::class-name (parameter-list (optional)) function-body (5)
class-name ::class-name () = default; (6) (since C++11)
class-name - the class whose default constructor is being declared
parameter-list - a parameter list where all parameters (except parameter packs)(since C++11) have default arguments
function-body - the function body of the default constructor

[edit] Explanation

1) Declaration of a default constructor inside of class definition.
2-4) Definition of a default constructor inside of class definition.
3) The default constructor is explicitly-defaulted.
4) The default constructor is deleted.
5,6) Definition of a default constructor outside of class definition (the class must contain a declaration (1)).
6) The default constructor is explicitly-defaulted.

Default constructors are called during default initializations and value initializations.

[edit] Implicitly-declared default constructor

If there is no user-declared constructor or constructor template for a class type, the compiler will implicitly declare a default constructor as an inline public member of its class.

The implicitly-declared (or defaulted on its first declaration) default constructor has an exception specification as described in dynamic exception specification(until C++17) noexcept specification(since C++17).

[edit] Implicitly-defined default constructor

If the constructor is implicitly-declared(until C++11)the implicitly-declared or explicitly-defaulted default constructor is not defined as deleted(since C++11), it is implicitly-defined by the compiler when odr-used or needed for constant evaluation(since C++11).

If a default constructor of a union-like class T is trivial, then for each union U that is either T or an anonymous union member of T, if the first variant member (if any) of U has implicit-lifetime type, the default constructor of T begins the lifetime of that member if it is not the active member of its union.

(since C++26)

An(until C++26)Otherwise, an(since C++26) implicitly-defined default constructor has the same effect as a user-defined constructor with empty body and empty initializer list. That is, it calls the default constructors of the bases and of the non-static members of this class. Class types with an empty user-provided constructor may get treated differently than those with an implicitly-defined default constructor during value initialization.

If this satisfies the requirements of a constexpr constructor(until C++23)constexpr function(since C++23), the generated constructor is constexpr.

If some user-defined constructors are present, the user may still force the automatic generation of a default constructor by the compiler that would be implicitly-declared otherwise with the keyword default.

(since C++11)


Deleted default constructor

The implicitly-declared or explicitly-defaulted default constructor for class T is defined as deleted if any of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • T has a non-static data member of reference type without a default initializer.
  • T is a non-union class and(since C++26) has a non-variant non-static non-const-default-constructible data member of const-qualified type (or possibly multidimensional array thereof) without a default member initializer.
  • T is a union and all of its variant members are of const-qualified type (or possibly multidimensional array thereof).
  • T is a non-union class and all members of any anonymous union member are of const-qualified type (or possibly multidimensional array thereof).
(until C++26)
  • Given a class type M, T has a potentially constructed subobject obj of type M (or possibly multidimensional array thereof), and any of the following conditions is satisfied:
  • M has a destructor that is deleted or inaccessible from the default constructor, and either obj is non-variant or obj has a default member initializer(since C++26).
  • All following conditions are satisfied:
  • obj is not a non-static data member with a default initializer.
  • obj is not a variant member of a union where another non-static data member has a default initializer(until C++26).
  • The overload resolution as applied to find M's default constructor does not result in a usable candidate, or in the case of obj being a variant member, selects a non-trivial function(until C++26).

If no user-defined constructors are present and the implicitly-declared default constructor is not trivial, the user may still inhibit the automatic generation of an implicitly-defined default constructor by the compiler with the keyword delete.

(since C++11)

[edit] Trivial default constructor

The default constructor for class T is trivial if all following conditions are satisfied:

  • The constructor is implicitly-declared(until C++11)not user-provided(since C++11).
  • T has no virtual member functions.
  • T has no virtual base classes.
  • T has no non-static members with default initializers.
(since C++11)
  • Every direct base of T has a trivial default constructor.
  • Every non-static member of class type (or array thereof) has a trivial default constructor.
(until C++26)
  • Either T is a union, or every non-variant non-static member of class type (or array thereof) has a trivial default constructor.
(since C++26)

A trivial default constructor is a constructor that performs no action. All data types compatible with the C language (POD types) are trivially default-constructible.

[edit] Eligible default constructor

A default constructor is eligible if it is either user-declared or both implicitly-declared and definable.

(until C++11)

A default constructor is eligible if it is not deleted.

(since C++11)
(until C++20)

A default constructor is eligible if all following conditions are satisfied:

(since C++20)

Triviality of eligible default constructors determines whether the class is an implicit-lifetime type, and whether the class is a trivially copyable type.

[edit] Notes

Feature-test macro Value Std Feature
__cpp_trivial_union 202502L (C++26) Relaxing the triviality requirements for special member functions of unions

[edit] Example

Run this code
struct A
{
    int x;
    A(int x = 1): x(x) {} // user-defined default constructor
};
 
struct B : A
{
    // B::B() is implicitly-defined, calls A::A()
};
 
struct C
{
    A a;
    // C::C() is implicitly-defined, calls A::A()
};
 
struct D : A
{
    D(int y) : A(y) {}
    // D::D() is not declared because another constructor exists
};
 
struct E : A
{
    E(int y) : A(y) {}
    E() = default; // explicitly defaulted, calls A::A()
};
 
struct F
{
    int& ref; // reference member
    const int c; // const member
    // F::F() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
// user declared copy constructor (either user-provided, deleted or defaulted)
// prevents the implicit generation of a default constructor
 
struct G
{
    G(const G&) {}
    // G::G() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
struct H
{
    H(const H&) = delete;
    // H::H() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
struct I
{
    I(const I&) = default;
    // I::I() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
int main()
{
    A a;
    B b;
    C c;
//  D d; // compile error
    E e;
//  F f; // compile error
//  G g; // compile error
//  H h; // compile error
//  I i; // compile error
}

[edit] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
CWG 1353 C++11 the conditions where implicitly-declared default constructors are
defined as deleted did not consider multidimensional array types 		consider these types
CWG 2084 C++11 default member initializers had no effect on whether
a defaulted default constructor of a union is deleted 		they prevent the defaulted default
constructor from being deleted
CWG 2595 C++20 a default constructor was not eligible if there is
another default constructor which is more constrained
but does not satisfy its associated constraints 		it can be eligible in this case
CWG 2871 C++98 a default constructor would be implicitly declared
even if there is a user-declared constructor template 		no implicit declaration
in this case

[edit] See also

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