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Ozlem Ayduk

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Ozlem Ayduk
Özlem Ayduk
Born
Özlem Nefise Ayduk

Turkey
Years active1999–present
Academic background
EducationPh.D.
Alma mater
ThesisImpact of self-control strategies on the link between rejection sensitivity and hostility: Risk negotiation through strategic control. (1999)
Walter Mischel
Academic work
DisciplinePsychologist
Sub-discipline
Social Psychology
InstitutionsU.C. Berkeley

Ozlem Ayduk (Turkish: Özlem Nefise Ayduk) is a Turkish-American social psychologist at U.C. Berkeley researching close relationships, emotion regulation, and the development of self-regulation in children.[1] She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,[2] Society of Experimental Social Psychology and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.[3] She has contributed content to several psychology handbooks, dictionaries, and encyclopedias.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Early life

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Ayduk became interested in understanding human behavior in middle school when she began reading books on personality and psychopathology.[12] Combined with her longstanding desire to become a scientist, her newfound interest led her to pursue a career in psychology.[12] In 1991, she earned her B.A. in psychology and political science from Boğaziçi University in Istanbul.[3] Moving to America, she earned her M.A. and Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University in 1995 and 1999, respectively.[3]

Career

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Ayduk worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia University for three years before heading west to California in 2002 to join the U.C. Berkeley department of psychology as an assistant professor.[3] She became an associate professor in 2009, and a full professor in 2015.[3] Ayduk is a co-director of the Relationship and Social Cognition Lab at U.C. Berkeley.[13] She has been active with professional psychology societies. She is a Fellow at the Society of Experimental Social Psychology and served on its executive board (2015–2018) and is also a Fellow at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, where she served on the grant review panel (2016–2017) and a three-year term on the board of directors (2018–2020).[3][14][15]

At Berkeley, Ayduk has taught and supervised research in social and personality psychology, including work on personality, emotion regulation, motivation, and close relationships. She received the university's Social Sciences Distinguished Teaching Award in 2021.[16]

She has also held research and teaching roles outside Berkeley, including a Distinguished Research Fellowship at Sabancı University in Turkey from 2020 to 2022.[17] Her academic work has included research on personality, motivation, social cognition, and relationships.[1]

She has served in professional organizations in psychology, including the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. She was elected a fellow of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology in 2008,[3] the American Psychological Association's Society for Psychological Science in 2014, and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in 2016.[18]

Research

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Ayduk's research examines self-regulation,[19] emotion regulation,[6] social cognition,[20] personality,[21] and interpersonal relationships. Her work combines experimental and longitudinal methods with measures of cognitive, emotional, and physiological processes. At the University of California, Berkeley, she directs research on relationships and social cognition, including friendships, romantic relationships, and intergroup relationships.[1]

Rejection sensitivity

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A central theme of Ayduk's research is rejection sensitivity, the tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and strongly respond to social rejection. Her early studies examined the relationship between rejection sensitivity and hostile responses to interpersonal rejection. In a 1999 study, she and her colleagues found that rejection sensitivity was associated with hostile thoughts and behavior following rejection, particularly among women.[20]

Ayduk subsequently examined the processes through which rejection sensitivity affects interpersonal behavior. Her 2000 study with Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, Walter Mischel, Geraldine Downey and others examined whether self-regulatory strategies could moderate the relationship between rejection sensitivity and adverse interpersonal outcomes. The researchers used measures of delay of gratification to examine whether differences in self-regulation affected responses to anticipated or actual rejection.[22]

Her later research investigated rejection sensitivity in relation to aggression, attention, self-concept, executive control, and personality. A 2008 study examined rejection sensitivity and executive control as joint predictors of borderline personality features. Another study found that rejection sensitivity moderated the effect of interpersonal rejection on self-concept clarity.[23]

Ayduk also studied the role of attentional control in responses to rejection. Her work with Mischel and Downey distinguished between a more emotionally reactive "hot" focus and a more detached "cool" focus when people process rejection-related information. The studies examined whether attentional strategies could influence hostile reactions to rejection.[24]

Self-regulation and delay of gratification

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Ayduk's work with Walter Mischel examined self-regulation and delay of gratification across childhood and adulthood. Their research followed participants from earlier delay-of-gratification studies and examined the relationship between childhood self-regulatory behavior and later cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal functioning.[1]

A 2000 study used participants from the original Stanford delay-of-gratification research as part of a broader investigation of whether childhood self-regulation moderated the effects of rejection sensitivity later in life.[22]

Subsequent studies examined the relationship between early delay of gratification and later cognitive control. Research with Mischel, Yuichi Shoda and other collaborators followed participants from preschool into adolescence and young adulthood, examining the development of cognitive control over time.[25]

Ayduk also participated in research examining the neural correlates of delay of gratification. A 2015 study linked childhood delay-of-gratification performance with interactions between cortical regions and the nucleus accumbens, providing a neurocognitive perspective on individual differences in self-regulation.[26]

Her research has also examined changes across generations. In a 2018 study, Ayduk and colleagues compared cohorts of children completing delay-of-gratification tasks and examined whether performance differed between children studied during the original research period and those assessed decades later.[27]

Self-distancing and emotion regulation

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Another major area of Ayduk's research concerns self-distancing, or adopting psychological distance from one's own experiences when reflecting on them. With Ethan Kross, she examined the distinction between reflective processing that can help people understand negative experiences and forms of self-focused rumination that can maintain emotional distress.[28]

In a series of studies, Ayduk and Kross investigated whether people could process negative experiences more adaptively by adopting a distanced perspective. Their 2010 paper, "From a Distance: Implications of Spontaneous Self-Distancing for Adaptive Self-Reflection," examined the relationship between self-distancing and emotional responses to negative experiences. Their research also examined linguistic forms of distancing. Subsequent studies investigated whether referring to oneself by one's own name or using third-person language could alter emotional responses and promote more detached reasoning. Other work examined temporal distancing, in which individuals consider a stressful event from a more distant point in time.[29]

Ayduk and collaborators later studied whether self-distancing could affect interpersonal behavior. A 2017 study examined self-distancing during the provision of criticism and reported changes in interpersonal perceptions and behavior associated with reduced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex.[30]

More recent work has extended this research to everyday emotion regulation. Her 2025 publications include research on the frequency and function of self-talk in everyday life and on the use of different emotion-regulation strategies in daily experience.[31]

Relationships and interpersonal processes

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Ayduk has also studied self-esteem, rejection, and emotion regulation in close relationships. Her research has examined how individuals with different levels of rejection sensitivity respond to feedback from romantic partners and how self-esteem influences the expression of affection and responses to interpersonal situations.[32]

Her research program has expanded to intergroup relationships and mentoring, particularly relationships between mentors and students from underrepresented groups in STEM fields. With Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton and other collaborators, she examined emotional and interpersonal processes in interracial mentoring and investigated approaches intended to improve mentoring relationships. A 2018 study examined whether reducing negative affect and increasing interpersonal rapport improved outcomes in interracial mentoring.[33]

Recent research

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Ayduk's more recent publications have extended her research into developmental and everyday emotional processes. Her 2024 publications include a study of children's delay-of-gratification abilities in relation to inhibited temperament and caregiver behavior. Her 2025 work includes studies of emotional habituation, emotion recognition in early childhood, everyday self-talk, and emotion-regulation strategies.[34]

Her research has appeared in journals including Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Psychological Science, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Emotion, Developmental Psychology, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Journal of Research in Personality, and Clinical Psychological Science.[1]

Honors

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Selected bibliography

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Articles

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Books

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  • 2004: Current directions in personality psychology. Pearson Prentice Hall[40]
  • 2007: Introduction to personality: Toward an integrative science of the person (8th edition). Wiley[41]

Research papers

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Self-distancing & emotion regulation

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  • 2005: "When asking 'why' doesn’t hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions". Psychological Science[42]
  • 2010: "From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology[43]
  • 2014: "Self-Talk as a Regulatory Mechanism: How You Do It Matters". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology[44]
  • 2015: "This too shall pass: Temporal Distance and the Regulation of Emotions". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology[45]
  • 2018: "Self Distancing: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications". In International Handbook of Self-Control in Health and Well Being. Routledge[8]

Self regulation, delay of gratification

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Rejection sensitivity, close relationships

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  • 1999: "Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women?". Social Cognition[20]
  • 2001: "Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin[21]
  • 2002: "Attentional mechanisms linking rejection to hostile reactivity: The role of 'hot' vs. 'cool' focus". Psychological Science[49]
  • 2007: "Defensive physiological reactions to rejection: the effect of self-esteem and attentional control on startle responses". Psychological Science[50]
  • 2008: "Individual differences in the rejection-aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of Rejection Sensitivity". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology[51]

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ozlem Ayduk". Department of Psychology, U.C. Berkeley. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  2. 1 2 Park, Jessica (2026-03-25). "Two Berkeley Social Sciences faculty named AAAS fellows". Letters & Science. Retrieved 2026-10-06.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Özlem Ayduk: Background". Society for Personality and Social Psychology. March 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  4. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem (2009). "Person-Situation interaction". In Matsumoto, David (ed.). Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 379–381. ISBN 978-0-521-67100-2. LCCN 2008037677.
  5. ↑ Mischel, Walter; Ayduk, Ozlem (2011). "Willpower in a Cognitive-Affective Processing System: The dynamics of delay of gratification". In Vohs, Kathleen; Baumeister, Roy F. (eds.). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, Theory, and Application (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1606239483. LCCN 2010009381.
  6. 1 2 3 Luerssen, Anna; Ayduk, Ozlem (2014). "The role of emotion and emotion regulation in the ability to delay gratification". In Gross, James J. (ed.). Handbook of Emotion Regulation (2nd ed.). New York City: Guilford Press. pp. 111–125. ISBN 978-1-4625-0350-6. LCCN 2013043869.
  7. ↑ Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo; Ayduk, Ozlem (2015). "Co-engagement, co-construction, co-evocation: Three principles to bridge relationships and social cognition". In Mikulincer, Mario; Shaver, Phillip (eds.). APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1433816994. LCCN 2013039784.
  8. 1 2 Ayduk, Özlem; Kross, Ethan (2018). "Self Distancing: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications". In de Ridder, Denise; Adriaanse, Marieke; Fujita, Kentaro (eds.). International Handbook of Self-Control in Health and Well Being. Abingdon, Oxon, U.K.: Routledge. pp. 377–389. ISBN 978-1-138-12386-1. LCCN 2017048666.
  9. ↑ Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo; Leitner, Jordan B.; Ayduk, Ozlem (2018). "Personality and social interaction: Interpretation processes". In Deaux, Kay; Snyder, Mark (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 513–539. ISBN 9780190224837. LCCN 2017040918.
  10. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo (2021). "A Cognitive-Affective Processing System Approach to Personality Dispositions: Rejection Sensitivity as an Illustrative Case Study". In John, Oliver P.; Robbins, Richard W. (eds.). Handbook of Personality: Theory & Research (Fourth ed.). New York City: Guilford Press. pp. 411–425. ISBN 9781462544950. LCCN 2020042618.
  11. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Gyurak, A. (2008). "Relationship Satisfaction". In Darity, William A. (ed.). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Vol. 7. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 9780028659725. LCCN 2007031829.
  12. 1 2 Ayduk, Ozlem (November 10, 2016). "Ozlem Ayduk". Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  13. ↑ "RASCL: Relationship and Social Cognition Lab". University of California, Berkeley. March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Leadership". Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  15. 1 2 "Fellowship". Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Social Sciences: Distinguished Teaching and Distinguished Service Awards". Letters & Science. 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2026-10-06.
  17. 1 2 "Distinguished Research Fellows | Sabancı Üniversitesi". www.sabanciuniv.edu. Retrieved 2026-10-06.
  18. ↑ "Member Spotlight: Ozlem Ayduk | SPSP". spsp.org. Retrieved 2026-10-06.
  19. 1 2 Ayduk, Ozlem N.; Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo; Mischel, Walter; Downey, Geraldine; Peake, Philip K.; Rodriguez, Monica L. (2000). "Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 79 (5): 776–792. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.334.5423. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.776. PMID 11079241. S2CID 6345213. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
  20. 1 2 3 Ayduk, Ozlem; Downey, Geraldine; Testa, Alessandra; Yen, Ying; Shoda, Yuichi (1999). "Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women?" (PDF). Social Cognition. 17 (2): 245–271. doi:10.1521/SOCO.1999.17.2.245.
  21. 1 2 Ayduk, Ozlem; Downey, Geraldine; Kim, Minji (July 2001). "Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 27 (7): 868–877. doi:10.1177/0146167201277009. S2CID 4534242.
  22. 1 2 Ayduk, Ozlem; Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo; Mischel, Walter; Downey, Geraldine; Peake, Philip K.; Rodriguez, Monica (2000). "Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 79 (5): 776–792. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.776. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 11079241.
  23. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Zayas, Vivian; Downey, Geraldine; Cole, Amy Blum; Shoda, Yuichi; Mischel, Walter (2008). "Rejection Sensitivity and Executive Control: Joint predictors of Borderline Personality features". Journal of Research in Personality. 42 (1): 151–168. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.04.002. ISSN 0092-6566. PMC 2390893. PMID 18496604.
  24. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Mischel, Walter; Downey, Geraldine (2002). "Attentional Mechanisms Linking Rejection to Hostile Reactivity: The Role of "Hot" Versus "Cool" Focus". Psychological Science. 13 (5): 443–448. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00478. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 12219811.
  25. ↑ Eigsti, Inge-Marie; Zayas, Vivian; Mischel, Walter; Shoda, Yuichi; Ayduk, Ozlem; Dadlani, Mamta B.; Davidson, Matthew C.; Aber, J. Lawrence; Casey, B.J. (2006). "Predicting Cognitive Control From Preschool to Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood". Psychological Science. 17 (6): 478–484. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01732.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 16771797.
  26. ↑ Luerssen, Anna; Gyurak, Anett; Ayduk, Ozlem; Wendelken, Carter; Bunge, Silvia A. (2015). "Delay of gratification in childhood linked to cortical interactions with the nucleus accumbens". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 10 (12): 1769–1776. doi:10.1093/scan/nsv068. ISSN 1749-5024. PMC 4666116. PMID 26048177.
  27. ↑ Carlson, Stephanie M.; Shoda, Yuichi; Ayduk, Ozlem; Aber, Lawrence; Schaefer, Catherine; Sethi, Anita; Wilson, Nicole; Peake, Philip K.; Mischel, Walter (2018). "Cohort effects in children's delay of gratification". Developmental Psychology. 54 (8): 1395–1407. doi:10.1037/dev0000533. ISSN 1939-0599. PMID 29939038.
  28. ↑ Kross, Ethan; Ayduk, Ozlem; Mischel, Walter (2005). "When asking "why" does not hurt. Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions". Psychological Science. 16 (9): 709–715. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 16137257.
  29. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Kross, Ethan (2010). "From a distance: implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98 (5): 809–829. doi:10.1037/a0019205. ISSN 1939-1315. PMC 2881638. PMID 20438226.
  30. ↑ Leitner, Jordan B.; Ayduk, Ozlem; Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo; Magerman, Adam; Amey, Rachel; Kross, Ethan; Forbes, Chad E. (2017-04-01). "Self-distancing improves interpersonal perceptions and behavior by decreasing medial prefrontal cortex activity during the provision of criticism". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 12 (4): 534–543. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw168. ISSN 1749-5024. PMC 5390725. PMID 27998998.
  31. ↑ Schertz, Kathryn E.; Orvell, Ariana; Chandhok, Susannah; Vickers, Brian D.; Moser, Jason S.; Ayduk, Ozlem; Kross, Ethan (2025-11-06). "The frequency, form, and function of self-talk in everyday life". Scientific Reports. 15 (1) 38883. Bibcode:2025NatSR..1538883S. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22647-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 12592353. PMID 41198739.
  32. ↑ Schertz, Kathryn E.; Orvell, Ariana; Chandhok, Susannah; Vickers, Brian D.; Moser, Jason S.; Ayduk, Ozlem; Kross, Ethan (2025). "The frequency, form, and function of self-talk in everyday life". Scientific Reports. 15 (1) 38883. Bibcode:2025NatSR..1538883S. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22647-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 12592353. PMID 41198739.
  33. ↑ Leitner, Jordan B.; Ayduk, Özlem; Boykin, C. Malik; Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo (2018). "Reducing negative affect and increasing rapport improve interracial mentorship outcomes". PLOS ONE. 13 (4) e0194123. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394123L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194123. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5884483. PMID 29617368.
  34. ↑ Schertz, Kathryn E.; Orvell, Ariana; Chandhok, Susannah; Vickers, Brian D.; Moser, Jason S.; Ayduk, Ozlem; Kross, Ethan (2025). "The frequency, form, and function of self-talk in everyday life". Scientific Reports. 15 (1): 38883. Bibcode:2025NatSR..1538883S. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22647-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 12592353. PMID 41198739.
  35. ↑ "Olzem Ayduk". Hellman Fellows Fund. Retrieved March 24, 2021.[dead link]
  36. ↑ "Association for Psychological Science: APS Fellows". Association for Psychological Science. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  37. ↑ "Carol and Ed Diener Award in Personality Psychology | SPSP". spsp.org. Retrieved 2026-10-06.
  38. ↑ "Social Sciences: Distinguished Teaching and Distinguished Service Awards". Letters & Science. 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2026-10-06.
  39. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Kross, Ethan (February 6, 2015). "Pronouns Matter when Psyching Yourself Up". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  40. ↑ Morf, Carolyn; Ayduk, Ozlem, eds. (2004). Current directions in personality psychology. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131919891. LCCN 2005271163.
  41. ↑ Mischel, Walter; Shoda, Yuichi; Ayduk, Ozlem (2007). Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person (8th ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470-08765-7. LCCN 2007278070.
  42. ↑ Kross, Ethan; Ayduk, Ozlem; Mischel, Walter (September 2005). "When asking 'why' doesn't hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions". Psychological Science. 16 (9): 709–715. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x. PMID 16137257. S2CID 7006932.
  43. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Kross, Ethan (May 2010). "From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98 (5): 809–829. doi:10.1037/a0019205. PMC 2881638. PMID 20438226.
  44. ↑ Kross, Ethan; Bruehlman-Senecal, Emma; Park, Jiyoung; Burson, Aleah; Dougherty, Adrienne; Shablack, Holly; Bremmer, Ryan; Moser, Jason; Ayduk, Ozlem (February 2014). "Self-Talk as a Regulatory Mechanism: How You Do It Matters". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 106 (2): 304–324. doi:10.1037/a0035173. PMID 24467424.
  45. ↑ Bruelman-Senecal, Emma; Ayduk, Ozlem (February 2015). "This too shall pass: Temporal Distance and the Regulation of Emotions". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 108 (2): 356–375. doi:10.1037/a0038324. PMID 25603380.
  46. ↑ Mischel, Walter; Ayduk, Ozlem; Berman, Marc G.; Casey, B. J.; Gotlib, Ian H.; Jonides, John; Kross, Ethan; Teslovich, Theresa; Wilson, Nicole L.; Zayas, Vivian; Shoda, Yuichi (April 2011). "'Willpower' over the lifespan: decomposing self-regulation". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 6 (2): 252–256. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq081. PMC 3073393. PMID 20855294. S2CID 9602346.
  47. ↑ Casey, B. J.; Somerville, Leah H.; Gotlib, Ian H.; Ayduk, Ozlem; Franklin, Nicholas T.; Askren, Mary K.; Jonides, John; Berman, Mark G.; Wilson, Nicole L.; Teslovich, Theresa; Glover, Gary; Zayas, Vivian; Mischel, Walter; Shoda, Yuichi (August 29, 2011). "Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (36): 14998–15003. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10814998C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108561108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3169162. PMID 21876169.
  48. ↑ Schlam, Tanya R.; Wilson, Nicole L.; Shoda, Yuichi; Mischel, Walter; Ayduk, Ozlem (2013). "Preschoolers' delay of gratification predicts their body mass 30 years later". The Journal of Pediatrics. 162 (1): 90–93. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.06.049. PMC 3504645. PMID 22906511.
  49. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Mischel, Walter; Downey, Geraldine (September 2002). "Attentional mechanisms linking rejection to hostile reactivity: The role of 'hot' vs. 'cool' focus". Psychological Science. 13 (5): 443–448. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00478. PMID 12219811. S2CID 4536231.
  50. ↑ Gyurak, Anett; Ayduk, Ozlem (October 2007). "Defensive physiological reactions to rejection: the effect of self-esteem and attentional control on startle responses". Psychological Science. 18 (10): 886–892. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01996.x. PMC 4175371. PMID 17894606.
  51. ↑ Ayduk, Ozlem; Gyurak, Anett; Luerssen, Anna (May 2008). "Individual differences in the rejection-aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of Rejection Sensitivity". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 44 (3): 775–782. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004. PMC 2836513. PMID 20228947.
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