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luctor

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Latin

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Etymology

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    Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“bend, twist”) (whence also lū̆xus, -a, -um (“dislocated”) and lū̆xus, -ūs (“dislocation; splendor”)).

    Cognate with Ancient Greek λύγος (lúgos), Lithuanian lugnas, and Old Norse lykna. Compare with English louk; lock.

    Per De Vaan, formed as a frequentative from Proto-Italic *luktos, the perfect passive participle form of an unattested non-frequentative verb. De Vaan assumes the stem had a short vowel here and in lū̆xus, despite noting that this is difficult to explain as the word meets the conditions for Lachmann's law to apply; he speculates that a hypothetical nasal present stem (which would regularly have had a short vowel), as found in Celtic, could have exerted analogical influence on the vowel length.[1]

    Pronunciation

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    • (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈɫuːk.tɔr], [ˈɫʊk.tɔr]
    • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈluk.tor]
    • The u in the first syllable is short per De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002),[2] long per Bennett (1907).[3] Bennett appeals to Romance for ū, but Wartburg says there actually seem to be outcomes of both ŭ and ū in Romance. Buchi and Schweickard say that outside of Sardinian, Vegliote and Ladin, all Romance forms are consistent with descent from Proto-Romance *lʊkt‑; they explain the development of *ʊ to /u/ in Gaulish and Iberian varieties as an effect of the following palatal glide that developed in the cluster /kt/.[4]

    Verb

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    lū̆ctor (present infinitive lū̆ctārī or lū̆ctārier, perfect active lū̆ctātus sum); first conjugation, deponent

    1. to struggle, strive, contend
      Synonyms: certō, contendō, ēnītor, cōnītor, nītor, adnītor, ēlabōrō, labōrō, īnsequor, tendō, appetō, mōlior
    2. to wrestle, fight
      Synonyms: repugnō, pugnō, contendō, certō, dēcernō, concurrō, bellō, dīmicō, cōnflīgō

    Conjugation

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       Conjugation of lū̆ctor (first conjugation, deponent)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present lū̆ctor lū̆ctāris,
    lū̆ctāre     		lū̆ctātur lū̆ctāmur lū̆ctāminī lū̆ctantur
    imperfect lū̆ctābar lū̆ctābāris,
    lū̆ctābāre     		lū̆ctābātur lū̆ctābāmur lū̆ctābāminī lū̆ctābantur
    future lū̆ctābor lū̆ctāberis,
    lū̆ctābere     		lū̆ctābitur lū̆ctābimur lū̆ctābiminī lū̆ctābuntur
    perfect lū̆ctātus + present active indicative of sum
    pluperfect lū̆ctātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
    future perfect lū̆ctātus + future active indicative of sum
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present lū̆cter lū̆ctēris,
    lū̆ctēre     		lū̆ctētur lū̆ctēmur lū̆ctēminī lū̆ctentur
    imperfect lū̆ctārer lū̆ctārēris,
    lū̆ctārēre     		lū̆ctārētur lū̆ctārēmur lū̆ctārēminī lū̆ctārentur
    perfect lū̆ctātus + present active subjunctive of sum
    pluperfect lū̆ctātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present — lū̆ctāre — — lū̆ctāminī —
    future — lū̆ctātor lū̆ctātor — — lū̆ctantor
    non-finite forms infinitive participle
    active passive active passive
    present lū̆ctārī,
    lū̆ctārier1     		— lū̆ctāns —
    future lū̆ctātūrum esse — lū̆ctātūrus lū̆ctandus
    perfect lū̆ctātum esse — lū̆ctātus —
    future perfect lū̆ctātum fore — — —
    perfect potential lū̆ctātūrum fuisse — — —
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    lū̆ctandī lū̆ctandō lū̆ctandum lū̆ctandō lū̆ctātum lū̆ctātū

    1The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    References

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    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “luctor, -ārī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 350
    2. ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “lŭctāri”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 5: J L, page 438
    3. ^ Bennett, Charles E. (1907), The Latin Language: a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 60
    4. ^ Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–), “*/ˈlʊkt-a-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 21 April 2023.

    Further reading

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    • “luctor”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “luctor”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • “luctor”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
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