Abjad

Abjad
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	phonetic transcription (en) da segmental writing system (en)
Uses (en)	consonantal alphabet (en)

Abjad (/ˈæbdʒæd/ i [1]; ko Abgad lit. '') [2] tsarin rubutu ne wanda kawai consonants ke wakiltar alamun haruffa, yana barin wasula don mai karatu ya ƙaddara su (sai dai idan an wakilta su in ba haka ba, kamar ta diacritics).[3] Wannan ya bambanta da haruffa waɗanda ke ba da zane-zane ga duka consonants da wasula. Peter T. Daniels ne ya gabatar da kalmar a cikin 1990.[4] sautin sharuɗɗa don wannan ra'ayi sun haɗa da rubutun phonemic na ɓangare, rubutun phonographic na layi, consonantary, rubutun consonant, da haruffa consonantal.[5]

Abjads marasa tsabta, kamar rubutun Larabci da Ibrananci, suna wakiltar wasula tare da ko dai alamomi na zaɓi ko ƙayyadadden adadin wasula daban-daban, ko duka biyun.

Sunan d="mwPA">ab ya dogara ne akan haruffa huɗu na fare na Larabci a cikin tsarin haruffa na asali - wanda ya dace da ʾa, b, j, da d - wanda ke nuna tsarin haruffaa ʾaleph, bet, gimel, dalet a wasu rubutun Semitic irin su Phoenician, Ibrananci, da sauran rubutun Semitical da aka rarraba a cikin dangin rubutun da aka yi amfani da su don rubuta yarukan Yammacin Semitic. –  –

Dangane da ka'idodin Peter T. Daniels, abjads sun bambanta da haruffa a cikin cewa kawai consonants, ba wasali ba, suna wakiltar tsakanin asali na asali.^[1] Abjads sun bambanta da abugidas, wani rukuni da Daniels ya bayyana, a cikin abjads, sautin wasula yana hanawa ta hanyar ilimin sauti, kuma inda alamun wasula ke wanzu don tsarin, kamar niqqud don Ibrananci da ḥarakāt don Larabci, amfani da su zaɓi ne kuma ba mafi rinjaye (ko karatu da rubutun) ba. Abugidas suna nuna dukkan wasula (ban da wasula "wanda aka haifa") tare da diacritic, ƙaramin haɗi ga wasikar, hoto mai zaman kansa, ko (a cikin syllabics na Aboriginal na Kanada) ta hanyar juyawa na wasikar. Wasu abugidas suna amfani da alama ta musamman don hana wasula ta asali don a iya wakiltar ma'anar kawai. A cikin syllabary, hoto yana nuna cikakken syllable, wato, ko dai sautin wasali ɗaya ko haɗuwa da sautin wasala tare da sautin sautin ɗaya ko fiye.

The contrast of abjad versus alphabet has been rejected by other scholars because abjad is also used as a term for the Arabic numeral system. Also, it may be taken as suggesting that consonantal alphabets, in contrast to e.g. the Greek alphabet, were not yet true alphabets.^[2] Florian Coulmas, a critic of Daniels and of the abjad terminology, argues that this terminology can confuse alphabets with "transcription systems", and that there is no reason to relegate the Hebrew, Aramaic or Phoenician alphabets to second-class status as an "incomplete alphabet". However, Daniels's terminology has found acceptance in the linguistic community.

Rubutun Proto-Sinaitic yana wakiltar farkon sanannun rubutun haruffa. Ana ɗaukar wannan rubutun a kusa da Yankin Sinai a lokacin Tsakiyar Bronze Age ta masu magana da tsohuwar yaren Yammacin Yamma waɗanda suka sake amfani da abubuwan hoto na rubutun Masar na gida don gina sabon rubutun da ke wakiltar ƙididdigar yarensu ta amfani da acrophony. Ana tunanin rubutun Proto-Sinaitic yana wakiltar, ko aƙalla yana nuna wanzuwar, kakanninmu farko na rubutun Semitic da yawa daga baya waɗanda suka ci gaba da bunkasa a tsawon lokaci zuwa mafi ƙarancin siffofi, marasa wakilci na gani, gami da Phoenician abjad.

Abjad na Phoenician wani sauƙaƙe ne na rubutun phonetic. Ba kamar sauran rubutun ba, kamar cuneiform na Mesopotamiya (logographic da syllabic) da hieroglyphs na Masar (logographic and consonantal), abjad na Phoenician ya ƙunshi alamomi da yawa kawai. Wataƙila, sauƙin dangi na abjad na Phoenician ya sa wannan rubutun ya zama mai sauƙin koyo, ya ba shi damar samun amfani da shi ko ya dace da ci gaban wasu rubutun da ba Phoenicians ba suka haɗu da 'yan kasuwa na Phoenicians da rubutun su wanda suka kawo tare da su yayin da suke kasuwanci a duk duniyar Bahar Rum ta dā a cikin karni na farko KZ.

A lokacin waɗannan musayar, rubutun Phoenician ya haifar da sababbin tsarin rubuce-rubuce da yawa, gami da Abjad na Aramaic da aka yi amfani da shi da haruffa na Helenanci. Daga baya an haɓaka haruffa na Helenanci zuwa haruffa da yawa, gami da Etruscan, Coptic, Cyrillic, da Latin (ta hanyar Etruscan), yayin da Aramaic ya zama kakannin abjads da abugidas da yawa na Asiya, musamman a ciki da kewayen Indiya, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da Oceania.

Sauran rubutun 'yar'uwa zuwa Phoenician, waɗanda suka reshe daga rubutun Proto-Sinaitic sune Rubutun Kudancin Semitic tare da manyan rassanta guda biyu; rubutun Tsohon Arewacin Larabawa da aka yi amfani da su a arewa da tsakiyar Arabiya, har sai haruffa na Larabci da Tsohon Kudancin Larabawa, wanda daga baya ya samo asali zuwa Rubutun Geʽez, har yanzu ana amfani da shi a Eritrea da Habasha.

Abjads marasa tsabta suna da haruffa don wasu wasula, zaɓaɓɓen wasula, ko duka biyun. Kalmar abjad mai tsabta tana nufin rubutun da ba su da alamun wasali.^[3] Koyaya, yawancin abjads, kamar Larabci, Ibrananci, Aramaic, da Pahlavi, abjads ne "marasa tsabta" - wato, suna kuma dauke da alamomi ga wasu sautunan wasali, kodayake ana amfani da haruffa na wasula da ba na diacritic ba don rubuta wasu consonants, musamman approximants waɗanda suke kama da sautunan dogon. Abjad "mai tsabta" an kwatanta shi (watakila) da siffofi na farko na tsohuwar Phoenician, kodayake a wani lokaci (akalla a ƙarni na 9 BC) shi da yawancin abjads na Semitic na zamani sun fara ɗaukar wasu alamomin consonant tare da aikin na biyu a matsayin alamun wasali, wanda ake kira matres lectionis.^[4] Wannan aikin da farko ya kasance mai wuya kuma yana da iyaka a cikin iyaka amma ya zama gama gari kuma ya ci gaba a cikin lokutan baya. –

  The abjad form of writing is well-adapted to the morphological structure of the Semitic languages it was developed to write. This is because words in Semitic languages are formed from a root consisting of (usually) three consonants, the vowels being used to indicate inflectional or derived forms. For instance, according to Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, from the Arabic root ك‌ت‌ب K-T-B (to write) can be derived the forms كَتَبَ kataba (he wrote), كَتَبْتَ katabta (you (masculine singular) wrote), يَكْتُبُ⁩ yaktubu (he writes), and مَكْتَبَة⁩ maktabah (library). In most cases, the absence of full glyphs for vowels makes the common root clearer, allowing readers to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from familiar roots (especially in conjunction with context clues) and improving word recognition^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}  while reading for practiced readers.

An daidaita Abjad na Larabci don yin aiki a matsayin haruffa na gaskiya lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don rubuta harsuna da yawa, gami da Kurdish, Swahili, Malay, da Uighur da kuma tarihin Bosnian, Mozarabic, Aragonese, Portuguese, Mutanen Espanya da Afrikaans, tare da wasu haruffa ko haɗin haruffa da aka sake amfani da su don wakiltar wasula. Har ila yau, an daidaita Ibrananci abjad don rubuta Harsunan Yahudawa kamar Ladino da Yiddish.

• Abecedarium (rubuce-rubuce wanda ya kunshi haruffa na haruffa)
• Lambobin Abjad (Larabci haruffa da lambobi)
• Abugida (tsarin rubuce-rubuce na asali wanda aka haɗa ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da wasula a gani, musamman a tsakanin rubutun Indiya da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya)
• Alphabet (saitin haruffa da aka yi amfani da su don rubuta harshe da aka ba su, gami da nau'o'i daban-daban don duka consonants da wasula)
• Disemvoweling (kawar da wasula daga rubutu)
• Gematria (aikin lissafi na karanta kalma ko magana a matsayin lamba ko lambar alphanumeric, musamman a cikin mahallin mysticism na Yahudawa bisa ga rubutun Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci, amma kuma a cikin fassarar Helenanci da Ingilishi na Littafi Mai-Msarki da kuma wasu mahimman matani)
• Glyph (alamu mai ma'ana, takamaiman nau'in hoto)
• Grapheme (mafi ƙanƙantaccen rubuce-rubucen rubuce-aikace)
• Hieroglyph (kalma ta al'ada don ideogram, lexigram, logogram, ko pictogram, sau da yawa yana nufin halayyar tsohuwar tsarin rubutun Masar, amma kuma ana amfani dashi don bayyana wasu tsarin rubutun rabin-logographic, Alamar Rubutun Maya)
• Logogram (rubuce-rubuce hali wanda ke wakiltar wani bangare na harshe, kamar kalma ko morpheme. Harshen Sinanci kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a Sinanci da sauran harsuna sune logograms, kamar yadda rubutun Masar da haruffa a cikin rubutun cuneiform)
• Numerology (bincike mai zurfi game da kaddarorin lambobi)
• Rubutun (tsarin rubuce-rubuce na musamman, bisa ga kundin takamaiman abubuwa ko alamomi, ko wannan kundin)
• Harsunan Semitic (reshe na harsunan Afroasiatic)
• Shorthand (tsarin rubuce-rubuce da aka gina waɗanda ke da tsari abjads)
• Syllabary (saitin alamomin da aka rubuta waɗanda ke wakiltar jimloli ko moras waɗanda suka zama kalmomi magana)
• Tsarin rubuce-rubuce (taron alamomin da ke wakiltar harshe)

• Bayani game da tsarin lissafin Abjad a Bahá'í Library Online
• Misalan Abjads daban-daban / Harshen haruffa akan Omniglot

Samfuri:Writing systemsSamfuri:List of writing systems