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Turkic languages

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Turkic languages
Linguistic classification
ISO 639-5 trk
Glottolog turk1311[1]

Harsunan Turkic iyali ne na harsuna sama da 35 [2] da aka rubuta da mutanen Turkic na Eurasia ke magana, daga Gabashin Turai da Kudancin Turai zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Asiya, Arewacin Asiya (Siberia), da Yammacin Asiya. Harsunan Turkic sun samo asali ne a wani yanki na Gabashin Asiya wanda ya kai daga Mongolia zuwa Arewa maso Yammacin China, inda ake zaton an yi magana da Proto-Turkic, kuma daga inda suka fadada zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya da yammacin yamma a lokacin karni na farko.[3][4] Ana nuna su a matsayin ci gaba da yaren.

Wasu mutane miliyan 200 ne ke magana da yarukan Turkic. Harshen Turkic tare da mafi yawan masu magana shine Turkiyya, wanda aka fi magana a Anatolia da Balkans; masu magana da shi na asali suna da kusan 38% na duk masu magana da Turkic, sannan Uzbek.[4]

Abubuwan halaye irin su jituwa na wasali, haɗuwa, tsari na batun-abu-kalma, da rashin Jima'i na ilimin lissafi, kusan duniya ce a cikin iyalin Turkic.[4] Akwai babban matsayi na fahimtar juna, a kan matsakaiciyar bayyanar, tsakanin Harsunan Oghuz daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da Turkiyya, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Chaharmahali Turkic, Gagauz, da Balkan Gagauz, kazalika da Oghuz-influenced Crimean Tatar.[5] Sauran harsunan Turkic suna nuna bambancin fahimtar juna a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyinsu. Kodayake hanyoyin rarrabuwa sun bambanta, ana ɗaukar yarukan Turkic a cikin rassa biyu: Oghur, wanda kawai ya tsira shine Chuvash, da Common Turkic, wanda ya haɗa da duk sauran yarukan Turkique.

Harsunan Turkic suna nuna kamanceceniya da yawa tare da Mongolian, Tungusic, Koreanic, da yarukan Jafananci. Wadannan kamanceceniya sun haifar da wasu masana harsuna (kamar Turkologist Talât Tekin) don ba da shawarar dangin yaren Altaic, kodayake masana harsunan tarihi sun ƙi wannan shawarar.[6][7] Kamance-kamance da Harsunan Uralic har ma ya sa a dauki waɗannan iyalai a matsayin ɗaya na dogon lokaci a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin Ural-Altaic. Koriya, babu isasshen shaida don kammalawa da wanzuwar ɗayan waɗannan manyan iyalai. Halayen da aka raba tsakanin harsuna ana danganta su a halin yanzu ga hulɗar harshe na prehistoric.

Disamba 15 an ayyana shi a matsayin "Ranar Iyali ta Harshe ta Duniya" ta UNESCO. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1893, an fassara rubutun Orkhon, ɗaya daga cikin matani na Turkic na farko.[8]

Halaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar da ke nuna ƙasashe da yankuna masu cin gashin kansu inda harshe na dangin yaren Turkic yana da matsayi na hukuma

Harsunan Turkiyya harsuna ne marasa ma'ana, suna da jituwar wasali (banda Uzbek saboda tasirin Farisa-Tajik mai ƙarfi), ma'anoni, yawan haɗakarwa ta hanyar ƙarin bayani da matsayi, da rashin labaran nahawu, azuzuwan sunaye, da jinsi na nahawu . Tsarin kalmomin da ake magana a kansu-abu-fi'ili abu ne na kowa a cikin iyali. Dangane da matakin jituwar wasali a cikin dangin harshen Turk, ana siffanta Tuvan a matsayin kusan cikakkiyar jituwa yayin da Uzbek shine mafi ƙarancin jituwa ko ba jituwa kwata-kwata. Idan aka yi la'akari da ci gaban harsunan Turk da aka rubuta a tarihi-harshe gabaɗaya, duka rubutu da rubutu, iyali yana samar da sama da shekaru dubu na matakai da aka rubuta da kuma yanayi a cikin juyin halittar harshe na jituwar wasali wanda, bi da bi, yana nuna juyin halitta mai jituwa tare da hanyar da za a iya tabbatar da ita Kodayake jituwar wasali halayyar gama gari ce ta manyan iyalai na harsuna da ake magana a cikin Inner Eurasia ( Mongolic, Tungusic, Uralic da Turkic), nau'in jituwa da ake samu a cikinsu ya bambanta da juna; musamman ma, Uralic da Turkic suna da nau'in jituwar wasali iri ɗaya (wanda ake kira jituwar wasali ta palatal ) yayin da Mongolic da Tungusic ke wakiltar nau'in daban. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An ba da shawarar ƙasar Turkic da yarensu a wani wuri tsakanin tsaunukan Transcaspian da Arewa maso gabashin Asiya (Manchuria), [9] tare da shaidar kwayar halitta da ke nuna yankin kusa da Kudancin Siberia da Mongolia a matsayin "Ƙasar Asiya ta ciki" na kabilar Turkic. [10] Hakazalika masana harsuna da yawa, ciki har da Juha Janhunen, Roger Blench da Matthew Spriggs, sun ba da shawarar cewa Mongolia ta zamani ita ce ƙasar asalin harshen Turkic na farko. Dangane da abubuwa na Proto-Turkic game da yanayi, yanayin ƙasa, tsire-tsire, fauna, yanayin rayuwa na mutane, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden ya gano Proto-Turkic Urheimat a kudancin, yankin taiga-steppe na yankin Sayan-Altay. [11]

Sadarwa mai zurfi ya faru tsakanin Proto-Turks da Proto-Mongols kusan a cikin karni na farko BC; al'adun al'adu da aka raba tsakanin kungiyoyin makiyaya biyu na Eurasian ana kiransu al'adar "Turko-Mongol". Kungiyoyin biyu sun raba irin wannan tsarin addini, Tengrism, kuma akwai yawancin kalmomin aro tsakanin yarukan Turkic da yarukan Mongolic. Kodayake rance sun kasance bi-directional, a yau kalmomin rance na Turkic sun zama mafi girman ɓangaren kasashen waje a cikin ƙamus na Mongoliya.[12]

Masanin tarihin Italiyanci kuma masanin ilimin harshe Igor na Rachewiltz ya lura da bambancin harshen Chuvash daga wasu harsunan Turkic. A cewarsa, yaren Chuvash ba ya raba wasu halaye na kowa tare da yarukan Turkic har zuwa irin wannan matakin da wasu malamai ke ɗaukar shi dangin Chuvash mai zaman kansa mai kama da yarukan Uralic da Turkic. An ga rarrabawar Turkic na Chuvash a matsayin mafita ta sulhu don dalilai na rarraba.

Wasu kamanceceniya mai faɗi da kuma mai faɗi tsakanin Turkici da iyalan Tungusic da Mongolic da ke kusa, da kuma iyalan Koriya da Japon a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an danganta su da hulɗar da ta gabata tsakanin ƙungiyar, wani lokacin ana kiranta da sprachbund na Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya . An bambanta wata hulɗa ta baya-bayan nan (kimanin ƙarni na farko BC) tsakanin "core Altaic" (Turkic, Mongolic, da Tungusic) daga wannan, saboda wanzuwar kalmomi gama gari waɗanda suka bayyana galibi an aro su daga Turkic zuwa Mongolic, daga baya kuma daga Mongolic zuwa Tungusic, yayin da Turkici ...

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/turk1311 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Dybo A.V. (2007). "ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНТАКТЫ РАННИХ ТЮРКОВ" [Chronology of Turkish Languages and Linguistic Contacts of Early Turks] (PDF) (in Rashanci). p. 766. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2005. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  4. 1 2 3 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "LanguagesOfTheWorld" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "Language Materials Project: Turkish". UCLA International Institute, Center for World Languages. February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  6. ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2005). "The end of the Altaic controversy: In memory of Gerhard Doerfer". Central Asiatic Journal. 49 (1): 71–132. JSTOR 41928378.
  7. ↑ Georg, Stefan; Michalove, Peter A.; Ramer, Alexis Manaster; Sidwell, Paul J. (1999). "Telling general linguists about Altaic". Journal of Linguistics. 35 (1): 65–98. doi:10.1017/S0022226798007312. JSTOR 4176504. S2CID 144613877.
  8. ↑ "World Turkic Language Family Day". unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
  9. ↑ Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (21 April 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia". PLOS Genetics. 11 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 4405460. PMID 25898006. The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia,
  10. ↑ Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (21 April 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia". PLOS Genetics. 11 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 4405460. PMID 25898006. Thus, our study provides the first genetic evidence supporting one of the previously hypothesized IAHs to be near Mongolia and South Siberia.
  11. ↑ Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). "Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks". Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. pp. 35–37.
  12. ↑ Clark, Larry V. (1980). "Turkic Loanwords in Mongol, I: The Treatment of Non-initial S, Z, Š, Č". Central Asiatic Journal. 24 (1/2): 36–59. JSTOR 41927278.
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