This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Wise, S. K. et al. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: allergic rhinitis - 2023. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 13, 293–859 (2023).
Togias, A. G. Systemic immunologic and inflammatory aspects of allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106, S247–S250 (2000).
Zhang, Y., Lan, F. & Zhang, L. Update on pathomechanisms and treatments in allergic rhinitis. Allergy 77, 3309–3319 (2022).
Ogulur, I. et al. Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases. Cell Mol. Immnol. 22, 211–242 (2025).
Li, H. Y. et al. The Associations between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and IgE in children with allergic rhinitis: a case-control study. Pediatr. Res. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05302-y (2026).
Hu, B. et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 6212–22 (2014).
Dunn, J. L. M. & Rothenberg, M. E. 2021 year in review: spotlight on eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 149, 517–524 (2022).
Inan, M. I. et al. Tracking systemic inflammation in allergic rhinitis with immune-inflammation markers. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1159/000549441 (2025).
Yalçıner, B. & Babademez, M. A. Systemic inflammatory indices as predictors of treatment response in allergic rhinitis: a prospective 6 Month cohort study. Ear Nose Throat J. 1455613251413545 https://doi.org/10.1177/01455613251413545 (2026).
Huo, Y. et al. Lymphocyte Subsets in Hiv-Exposed Uninfected Infants and Hiv-Unexposed Uninfected Infants. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 140, 605–608.e603 (2017).
Funding
SickKids Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, Donald and Audrey Campbell Chair of Immunology and Allergy.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
M.V.M.: Drafting the article; substantial contributions to interpretation of data; reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. O.F.: Substantial contributions to interpretation of data; reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. J.U.: Substantial contributions to conception and design and interpretation of data; revising it critically for important intellectual content; and all authors provided final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
JEMU reports grants or contracts from DBV Technologies, Regeneron, Sanofi, RAPT Therapeutics, ALK-Abelló, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the SickKids Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, and Innovation Fund Denmark; honoraria from Viatris, and Pfizer; participation on the advisory board for Pfizer, Pharming, and ALK-Abelló, Health Care Advisory for Food Allergy Canada, Board of Directors of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, and editorial roles in journals of Pediatric Research (Allergy section editor), Allergy (editorial board), Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (editorial board), and Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology (associate editor); and receipt of drug (omalizumab) from Novartis for research study, all outside the submitted work.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Medeleanu, M.V., Fairfield, O. & Upton, J.E.M. Beyond eosinophils: systemic inflammation in pediatric allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Res (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05524-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05524-0
- Springer Nature America, Inc.