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cipper
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Absolute value of atomic magnetic moment $|\mu|$

The magnetic moment operator being

${\mu} = -\frac{\mu_B}{\hbar}(L+2\,S)$,

a direct evaluation of its absolute value would be

$|\mu| = (\mu^2)^{1/2} = \frac{\mu_B}{\hbar}(L^2+4\,S^2+4\,L\cdot S)^{1/2}$

whose expectation value is

$\langle|\mu|\rangle = \mu_B \left[ 2j(j+1) - l(l+1) +2\,s(s+1) \right]^{1/2}$.

in which we have used the equality $~~2\,L\cdot S = J^2 - L^2 - S^2$.

Now, a different approach could be to use the proportionality of $\mu$ and $J$ through the Landè g-factor,

$\mu = -g_J \frac{\mu_B}{\hbar} J$

which would give

$\langle|\mu|\rangle = (\mu^2)^{1/2} = \frac{\mu_B}{\hbar}\,g_J(J^2)^{1/2} = \mu_B\,g_J[j(j+1)]^{1/2} = \mu_B[(\frac{3}{2}+\frac{s(s+1)-l(l+1)}{2j(j+1)})][j(j+1)]^{1/2}$

which is clearly different from the equation above. Putting some values for $l$, $s$, and $j$ one indeed obtains different results.

I tend to think that the first result is correct, but I cannot think about valid reasons to confute the second derivation.

cipper
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