Origin and history of unreasonable

c. 1300, resonable, "having sound judgment, endowed with the faculty of reason," from Old French raisonable, from Latin rationabilis, from ratio "reckoning, understanding, motive, cause," from ratus, past participle of reri "to reckon, think" (from PIE root *re- "to reason, count").

Also originally "rational, sane," senses now obsolete. The sense shifted somewhat in Middle English via "due to or resulting from good judgment," then "not exceeding the bounds of common sense."

The meaning "moderate in price" is recorded from 1660s; earlier it meant "moderate in amount" (14c.). Related: Reasonably, which is from late 14c. as "according to reason," c. 1500 as "fairly tolerably;" reasonableness. 

The adjective reasonable ... denotes a character in which reason, (taking that word in its largest acceptation,) possesses a decided ascendant over the temper and passions: and implies no particular propensity to a display of the discursive power, if indeed it does not exclude the idea of such a propensity. [Dugald Stewart, "Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind," 1856]

What the majority of people consider to be 'reasonable' is that about which there is agreement, if not among all, at least among a substantial number of people; 'reasonable' for most people, has nothing to do with reason, but with consensus. [Erich Fromm, "The Heart of Man," 1968]

In law, "befitting a person of reason or sound sense;" reasonable doubt (1670s) is doubt for which a pertinent reason can be assigned and which prevents conviction in the minds of jurors of the truth of the charge.

prefix of negation, Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German, German un-, Gothic un-, Dutch on-), from PIE *n- (source of Sanskrit a-, an- "not," Greek a-, an-, Old Irish an-, Latin in-), combining form of PIE root *ne- "not."

The most prolific of English prefixes, freely and widely used in Old English, where it forms more than 1,000 compounds. It disputes with Latin-derived cognate in- (1) the right to form the negation of certain words (indigestable/undigestable, etc.), and though both might be deployed in cooperation to indicate shades of meaning (unfamous/infamous), typically they are not.

Often euphemistic (untruth for "a lie") or emphatic, if there is a sense already of divestment or releasing: unpeel " to peel;" unpick "pick (a lock) with burglars' tools;" unloose for "to loosen."

It also makes words from phrases, such as uncalled-for, c. 1600; undreamed-of, 1630s. Fuller (1661) has unbooklearned. A mid-15c. description of a legal will has unawaydoable; Ben Jonson has un-in-one-breath-utterable. The word uncome-at-able is attested by 1690s in Congreve, frowned at by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century and by Fowler in the 20th ("The word had doubtless, two or three centuries ago, a jolly daredevil hang-the-grammarians air about it ; that has long evaporated ; it serves no purpose that inaccessible does not ....").

But the practice continued; unlawlearned (Bentham, 1810), unlayholdable (1860); unputdownable, of a book, is by 1947; unpindownable, by 1966. Also compare put-up-able-with (1812). As a prefix in telegraphese, to replace not and save the cost of a word, it is attested by 1936.

With the variety of its possible use, and the need for negatives, the number of un- words that might be made in English is almost endless, and that some are used and some never is owing to the caprice of authors.

Dictionary editors noted this since 18c. but also padded the list. John Ash's "New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language" (1775) has many pages of one-line un- entries; among a dozen consecutive entries are unhaggled, unhaired, unhalooed, unhaltering (adj.), unhaltering (n.), which sorts of words OED (1989) notes were "obviously manufactured for the purpose" and some turn up in other texts only decades later, if at all. (Ash vindicated.)