This study provides a chemical framework of sulfur, defining the cysteine redoxome, linking thiol reactivity with oxoform kinetics/dynamics to proteome-wide mapping, occupancy and flux, and revealing cysteine oxidation as a programmable regulatory code.

This Review discusses current research and future directions in protein persulfidation and polysulfidation to enable their full potential in redox-based therapeutic efforts.

This Comment discusses how an integrative cross-disciplinary research program in China aims to link RNA biology with translational drug discovery to accelerate RNA innovation and contribute to a global shift toward rational, RNA-centered therapeutics.

We used DNA nanostructures to develop nanotraps for the rapid and selective imaging and quantification of norepinephrine (NE) dynamics in subcellular organelles. Using these nanoprobes, we discovered NE bursts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during traumatic brain injury. Increased NE levels in the ER were associated with ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death.

Song et al. find that biomolecular condensates can catalyze reductive amination of metabolites through a nonenzymatic mechanism, mediating C–N bond formation in vitro and impacting cellular metabolism in Escherichia coli.

The maturation of the unique FeMo-cofactor of molybdenum nitrogenase is a multistep process requiring the sequential action of a series of maturase complexes. Here, the authors report on how cryo-electron microscopy structures show NifB-co transfers from NifX to NifEN’s internal site, where NifB-co is converted into FeMo-co for insertion into Mo-nitrogenase.

Proteins are promising ligands for selective metal capture, but low-throughput assays limit their discovery and design. Now, a high-throughput platform for quantifying the rare earth selectivity of lanmodulin (LanM) proteins has been developed. The SpyCI-LAMBS platform enabled the identification of a set of LanMs capable of separating light rare-earth elements in a single step.

NuMA activates dynein to organize the mitotic spindle by linking motor-driven transport with microtubule (MT) minus-end control. Mitotic phosphorylation relieves NuMA autoinhibition, enabling dynein motility and focusing MT minus-ends into asters.

Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) results in indoleamie-2,3-dioxygenase export to the cytosol, which converts tryptophan to kynurenine that binds glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to enable NADPH production and ROS clearance.

Traditional iterative catalysis in RiPP biosynthesis typically modifies linear peptides. Here the authors discover GNAT enzymes that iteratively modify fully folded lasso peptides and engineer them to create lipolasso peptides with expanded chemical diversity.

Redox metabolites such as reactive oxygen species and reactive sulfur species are produced as a byproduct of aerobic metabolism and can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on cellular context. This Focus issue features a collection of articles exploring emerging research areas in redox biology.

We asked a collection of redox biologists, “What do you think are the most exciting frontiers or the most needed developments in redox biology?” — here is what they said.

This Comment discusses how an integrative cross-disciplinary research program in China aims to link RNA biology with translational drug discovery to accelerate RNA innovation and contribute to a global shift toward rational, RNA-centered therapeutics.