The Moon exhibits extreme environmental characteristics such as prolonged day-night cycle, large temperature fluctuations, high vacuum, and intense radiation, significantly limiting the applicability of traditional building thermal engineering and energy design methods in this environment. These environmental characteristics pose severe challenges to the thermal performance of lunar base buildings and the stability and safety of their energy systems. Therefore, this paper explores the key technical challenges and primary solutions in the construction of energy systems for long-term lunar habitats. It proposes that by advancing research on precise prediction technologies for building and equipment loads in lunar bases, key technologies for efficient energy storage and photovoltaic power generation, as well as the construction and optimization of multi-energy synergistic energy systems for lunar bases, the autonomy and reliability of lunar energy systems can be enhanced, thereby ensuring the sustained operation of future lunar bases.

Space science, as a critical frontier field that integrates multidisciplinary development and collaborates with aerospace technology innovation, vividly reflects the defining characteristics of contemporary scientific fronts: expanding into the macroscopic extremes, delving into the microscopic depths, advancing toward extreme conditions, and driving highly integrated interdisciplinary efforts. It has become a key engine for pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and leading leaps in advanced technology.