Multilingual Universal Sentence Encoder Q&A Retrieval

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This is a demo for using Universal Encoder Multilingual Q&A model for question-answer retrieval of text, illustrating the use of question_encoder and response_encoder of the model. We use sentences from SQuAD paragraphs as the demo dataset, each sentence and its context (the text surrounding the sentence) is encoded into high dimension embeddings with the response_encoder. These embeddings are stored in an index built using the simpleneighbors library for question-answer retrieval.

On retrieval a random question is selected from the SQuAD dataset and encoded into high dimension embedding with the question_encoder and query the simpleneighbors index returning a list of approximate nearest neighbors in semantic space.

More models

You can find all currently hosted text embedding models here and all models that have been trained on SQuAD as well here.

Setup

Setup Environment

%%capture
# Install the latest Tensorflow version.
!pip install -q "tensorflow-text==2.11.*"
!pip install -q simpleneighbors[annoy]
!pip install -q nltk
!pip install -q tqdm

Setup common imports and functions

import json
import nltk
import os
import pprint
import random
import simpleneighbors
import urllib
from IPython.display import HTML, display
from tqdm.notebook import tqdm

import tensorflow.compat.v2 as tf
import tensorflow_hub as hub
from tensorflow_text import SentencepieceTokenizer

nltk.download('punkt')


def download_squad(url):
  return json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url))

def extract_sentences_from_squad_json(squad):
  all_sentences = []
  for data in squad['data']:
    for paragraph in data['paragraphs']:
      sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(paragraph['context'])
      all_sentences.extend(zip(sentences, [paragraph['context']] * len(sentences)))
  return list(set(all_sentences)) # remove duplicates

def extract_questions_from_squad_json(squad):
  questions = []
  for data in squad['data']:
    for paragraph in data['paragraphs']:
      for qas in paragraph['qas']:
        if qas['answers']:
          questions.append((qas['question'], qas['answers'][0]['text']))
  return list(set(questions))

def output_with_highlight(text, highlight):
  output = "<li> "
  i = text.find(highlight)
  while True:
    if i == -1:
      output += text
      break
    output += text[0:i]
    output += '<b>'+text[i:i+len(highlight)]+'</b>'
    text = text[i+len(highlight):]
    i = text.find(highlight)
  return output + "</li>\n"

def display_nearest_neighbors(query_text, answer_text=None):
  query_embedding = model.signatures['question_encoder'](tf.constant([query_text]))['outputs'][0]
  search_results = index.nearest(query_embedding, n=num_results)

  if answer_text:
    result_md = '''
    <p>Random Question from SQuAD:</p>
    <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>%s</b></p>
    <p>Answer:</p>
    <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>%s</b></p>
    ''' % (query_text , answer_text)
  else:
    result_md = '''
    <p>Question:</p>
    <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>%s</b></p>
    ''' % query_text

  result_md += '''
    <p>Retrieved sentences :
    <ol>
  '''

  if answer_text:
    for s in search_results:
      result_md += output_with_highlight(s, answer_text)
  else:
    for s in search_results:
      result_md += '<li>' + s + '</li>\n'

  result_md += "</ol>"
  display(HTML(result_md))

2024-02-02 12:42:03.366166: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libcudart.so.11.0'; dlerror: libcudart.so.11.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2024-02-02 12:42:04.103707: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2024-02-02 12:42:04.103807: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer_plugin.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer_plugin.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2024-02-02 12:42:04.103818: W tensorflow/compiler/tf2tensorrt/utils/py_utils.cc:38] TF-TRT Warning: Cannot dlopen some TensorRT libraries. If you would like to use Nvidia GPU with TensorRT, please make sure the missing libraries mentioned above are installed properly.
[nltk_data] Downloading package punkt to /home/kbuilder/nltk_data...
[nltk_data]   Unzipping tokenizers/punkt.zip.

Run the following code block to download and extract the SQuAD dataset into:

sentences is a list of (text, context) tuples - each paragraph from the SQuAD dataset are split into sentences using nltk library and the sentence and paragraph text forms the (text, context) tuple.
questions is a list of (question, answer) tuples.

Download and extract SQuAD data

squad_url = 'https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/dev-v1.1.json'

squad_json = download_squad(squad_url)
sentences = extract_sentences_from_squad_json(squad_json)
questions = extract_questions_from_squad_json(squad_json)
print("%s sentences, %s questions extracted from SQuAD %s" % (len(sentences), len(questions), squad_url))

print("\nExample sentence and context:\n")
sentence = random.choice(sentences)
print("sentence:\n")
pprint.pprint(sentence[0])
print("\ncontext:\n")
pprint.pprint(sentence[1])
print()

10455 sentences, 10552 questions extracted from SQuAD https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/dataset/dev-v1.1.json

Example sentence and context:

sentence:

('Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see '
 'also the related vacuum swing adsorption).')

context:

('The other major method of producing O\n'
 '2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair '
 'of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and '
 'delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O\n'
 '2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other '
 'nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure '
 'and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in '
 'the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the '
 'two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of '
 'gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure '
 'swing adsorption. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic '
 'technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption).')

The following code block setup the tensorflow graph g and session with the Universal Encoder Multilingual Q&A model's question_encoder and response_encoder signatures.

Load model from tensorflow hub

module_url = "https://tfhub.dev/google/universal-sentence-encoder-multilingual-qa/3"
model = hub.load(module_url)

2024-02-02 12:42:11.161871: E tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_driver.cc:267] failed call to cuInit: CUDA_ERROR_NO_DEVICE: no CUDA-capable device is detected

The following code block compute the embeddings for all the text, context tuples and store them in a simpleneighbors index using the response_encoder.

Compute embeddings and build simpleneighbors index

batch_size = 100

encodings = model.signatures['response_encoder'](
  input=tf.constant([sentences[0][0]]),
  context=tf.constant([sentences[0][1]]))
index = simpleneighbors.SimpleNeighbors(
    len(encodings['outputs'][0]), metric='angular')

print('Computing embeddings for %s sentences' % len(sentences))
slices = zip(*(iter(sentences),) * batch_size)
num_batches = int(len(sentences) / batch_size)
for s in tqdm(slices, total=num_batches):
  response_batch = list([r for r, c in s])
  context_batch = list([c for r, c in s])
  encodings = model.signatures['response_encoder'](
    input=tf.constant(response_batch),
    context=tf.constant(context_batch)
  )
  for batch_index, batch in enumerate(response_batch):
    index.add_one(batch, encodings['outputs'][batch_index])

index.build()
print('simpleneighbors index for %s sentences built.' % len(sentences))

Computing embeddings for 10455 sentences
0%|          | 0/104 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
simpleneighbors index for 10455 sentences built.

On retrieval, the question is encoded using the question_encoder and the question embedding is used to query the simpleneighbors index.

Retrieve nearest neighbors for a random question from SQuAD

num_results = 25

query = random.choice(questions)
display_nearest_neighbors(query[0], query[1])