TypeScript instanceof not working

Question

I'm having issues using the instanceof operator and it doesn't seem to work. Here is a part of my code:

        const results = _.map(items, function(item: Goal|Note|Task, index: number) { 
            let result = {};
            if (item instanceof Goal) {
                result = { id: index, title: item.name };
            } else if (item instanceof Note) {
                result = { id: index, title: item.content.text };
            } else if (item instanceof Task) {
                result = { id: index, title: item.name };
            }

            console.log(item);
            console.log(item instanceof Goal);
            console.log(item instanceof Note);
            console.log(item instanceof Task);

            return result; 
        });

All of my logs say false, here is what the console looks like:

None of them match, despite being explicit that only the 3 types would be possible. You could also see the object itself with a typename of Goal, so I don't get why it doesn't match with instanceof Goal.

Any ideas?

Answer 1

instanceof will return true only if it matches the function or class from which it was constructed. The item here is a plain Object.

const a = { a: 1 } // plain object
console.log(a);

// {a:1}                 <-- the constructor type is empty
//   a: 1
//   __proto__: Object   <-- inherited from

a instanceof A         // false because it is a plain object
a instanceof Object    // true because all object are inherited from Object

If it is constructed using a constructor function or a class, then instanceof will work as expected:

function A(a) {
    this.a = a;
}

const a = new A(1);    // create new "instance of" A
console.log(a);

// A {a:1}               <-- the constructor type is `A`

a instanceof A         // true because it is constructed from A
a instanceof Object    // true

If Goal is an Interface it will only check the structure of the object not its type. If Goal is a constructor then it should return true for instanceof checks.

Try something like:

// interface Goal {...}
class Goal {...}        // you will have to change the way it works.

items = [
   new Goal()
];

Update 2021:

Been playing with Typescript recently and came up with a better solution that works both in Typescript and JavaScript:

Try something like:

interface Goal {
    getCount(): number;
}

class Goal implements Goal {
    getCount() {
        return 3;
    }
}

function getItemCount(item: Goal | Note | Task) {
    return item instanceof Goal ? item.getCount() : 'not a goal';
}

console.log(getItemCount(new Goal()));  // 3
console.log(getItemCount('goal'));      // 'not a goal';

Here the interface and the class have the same name, so they can be used both as a type and as a constructor.

Changing the interface Goal signature or class Goal signature would throw something like:

TS2394: This overload signature is not compatible with its implementation signature.

Answer 2

You can also use type guards to your advantage:

https://basarat.gitbooks.io/typescript/docs/types/typeGuard.html

https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/advanced-types.html

For instance, if you use a literal type guard to your class:

class Goal {
 type: 'goal'
...
}

then the check is as simple as :

if (item.type === 'goal') {
}

Or you could write your own type guards:

function isNote(arg: any): arg is Note {
    // because only your Note class has "content" property?
    return arg.content !== undefined;
}

if (isNote(item)) {
    result = { id: index, title: item.content.text };
}

Answer 3

as @Gopikrishna pointed out, object parsed from JSON.parse or received from API will not match your custom Class because it is not created via new operator of desired class.

One workaround is to first cast object to the desired class and then check for a property against undefined.

class User{
displayName:string;
id:string;
}

const user = obj as User;
if (user.displayName!==undefined) {
    //do your thing here
}

Answer 4

Try to instantiate the object with a constructor. It happened to me the same because I was manually mocking the object for testing purposes. If you create the item like following example, it should work:

item: Goal = new Goal(*item values*)

Answer 5

From MDN:

The instanceof operator tests to see if the prototype property of a constructor appears anywhere in the prototype chain of an object. The return value is a boolean value.