Template arguments

template<auto n>
struct B { /* ... */ };
 
B<5> b1;   // OK: constant template parameter type is int
B<'a'> b2; // OK: constant template parameter type is char
B<2.5> b3; // error (until C++20): constant template parameter type cannot be double
 
// C++20 deduced class type placeholder, class template arguments are deduced at the
// call site
template<std::array arr>
void f();
 
f<std::array<double, 8>{}>();
 
template<auto...>
struct C {};
 
C<'C', 0, 2L, nullptr> x; // OK

template<int i>
struct C { /* ... */ };
 
C<{42}> c1; // OK
 
template<auto n>
struct B { /* ... */ };
 
struct J1
{
    J1* self = this;
};
 
B<J1{}> j1; // error: initialization of the template parameter object
            //        is not a constant expression
 
struct J2
{
    J2 *self = this;
    constexpr J2() {}
    constexpr J2(const J2&) {}
};
 
B<J2{}> j2; // error: the template parameter object is not
            //        template-argument-equivalent to introduced temporary

template<const int* pci>
struct X {};
 
int ai[10];
X<ai> xi; // OK: array to pointer conversion and cv-qualification conversion
 
struct Y {};
 
template<const Y& b>
struct Z {};
 
Y y;
Z<y> z;   // OK: no conversion
 
template<int (&pa)[5]>
struct W {};
 
int b[5];
W<b> w;   // OK: no conversion
 
void f(char);
void f(int);
 
template<void (*pf)(int)>
struct A {};
 
A<&f> a;  // OK: overload resolution selects f(int)

template<class T, const char* p>
class X {};
 
X<int, "Studebaker"> x1; // error: string literal as template-argument
 
template<int* p>
class X {};
 
int a[10];
 
struct S
{
    int m;
    static int s;
} s;
 
X<&a[2]> x3; // error (until C++20): address of array element
X<&s.m> x4;  // error (until C++20): address of non-static member
X<&s.s> x5;  // OK: address of static member
X<&S::s> x6; // OK: address of static member
 
template<const int& CRI>
struct B {};
 
B<1> b2;     // error: temporary would be required for template argument
int c = 1;
B<c> b1;     // OK

template<typename T>
class X {}; // class template
 
struct A;            // incomplete type
typedef struct {} B; // type alias to an unnamed type
 
int main()
{
    X<A> x1;  // OK: 'A' names a type
    X<A*> x2; // OK: 'A*' names a type
    X<B> x3;  // OK: 'B' names a type
}

template<typename T> // primary template
class A { int x; };
 
template<typename T> // partial specialization
class A<T*> { long x; };
 
// class template with a template template parameter V
template<template<typename> class V>
class C
{
    V<int> y;  // uses the primary template
    V<int*> z; // uses the partial specialization
};
 
C<A> c; // c.y.x has type int, c.z.x has type long

template<typename T>
struct eval;                     // primary template
 
template<template<typename, typename...> class TT, typename T1, typename... Rest>
struct eval<TT<T1, Rest...>> {}; // partial specialization of eval
 
template<typename T1> struct A;
template<typename T1, typename T2> struct B;
template<int N> struct C;
template<typename T1, int N> struct D;
template<typename T1, typename T2, int N = 17> struct E;
 
eval<A<int>> eA;        // OK: matches partial specialization of eval
eval<B<int, float>> eB; // OK: matches partial specialization of eval
eval<C<17>> eC;         // error: C does not match TT in partial specialization
                        // because TT's first parameter is a
                        // type template parameter, while 17 does not name a type
eval<D<int, 17>> eD;    // error: D does not match TT in partial specialization
                        // because TT's second parameter is a
                        // type parameter pack, while 17 does not name a type
eval<E<int, float>> eE; // error: E does not match TT in partial specialization
                        // because E's third (default) parameter is a constant

template<class T> class A { /* ... */ };
template<class T, class U = T> class B { /* ... */ };
template<class... Types> class C { /* ... */ };
 
template<template<class> class P> class X { /* ... */ };
X<A> xa; // OK
X<B> xb; // OK after P0522R0
         // Error earlier: not an exact match
X<C> xc; // OK after P0522R0
         // Error earlier: not an exact match
 
template<template<class...> class Q> class Y { /* ... */ };
Y<A> ya; // OK
Y<B> yb; // OK
Y<C> yc; // OK
 
template<auto n> class D { /* ... */ };   // note: C++17
template<template<int> class R> class Z { /* ... */ };
Z<D> zd; // OK after P0522R0: the template parameter
         // is more specialized than the template argument
 
template<int> struct SI { /* ... */ };
template<template<auto> class> void FA(); // note: C++17
FA<SI>(); // Error

template<class T>
void f(); // #1
 
template<int I>
void f(); // #2
 
void g()
{
    f<int()>(); // “int()” is both a type and an expression,
                // calls #1 because it is interpreted as a type
}