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I'm trying to read Kozakura Shōji's piece Gen'ō for shinobue and biwa. A free sample from his webpage is uploaded below. I play shinobue and have familiarity with the traditional notation, but I'm new to Western music scores.

The fact that the score has no time signature, bars or measures makes sense to me; Japanese flute music often has free time and long fermatas of a more or less intuitive duration. But then I don't know how to read the accidentals. At first I thought in a piece like this they would apply only to the single note rather than "to the end of the bar", but the use of naturals ♮ seems to preclude that interpretation (unless the naturals are there merely for clarity?). I thought maybe they would apply to the end of the legato passage (shinobue is played legato without tonguing, so one legato passage in a single exhalation would be a natural unit); but that also doesn't add up, since the naturals are also used right after a slur bar has ended. So maybe they'd apply permanently until cancelled—but there's a passage with a E-D# E-E-D# E-D#-E-D where all the 'D#' in my transcription were noted with an accidental, so that doesn't make sense either.

Is there a common practice interpretations of what the composer must have meant with accidental marks in a measure-less score like this?

One page of 篠笛と琵琶のための玄奥/Gen'ō for Shinobue and Biwa

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    I'm starting to wonder if all notated accidentals in this piece are treated as courtesy accidentals if the normal reading treats them as redundant and accidentals that actually change notes if the normal reading treats them as non-redundant. Seemingly the only accidentals I'd treat as affecting subsequent notes here are the ones in the last slur of the Shiwa part, with the other D#s in the slur being courtesy accidentals. Commented yesterday
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    The composer gives his e-mail on the webpage, so maybe you can ask him directly. Also, the music in the webpage is just a sample, so maybe the full publication includes additional performance notes? Finally, the webpage lists recordings which you can use to transcribe anything that is unclear in the score. I know this is not an answer you asked for, but this is also not a standard notation, so it doesn't necessarily follow any standardized rules. Commented yesterday
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    Ah, thanks for pointing out that—I had missed that the anthology CD 日本の作曲家2010 includes a recording of this piece. That seems exceedingly hard to get where I live, but one library not too far away has the full score at least. I'll try the score first and if there's no notes, email the composer. Commented 21 hours ago
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    All the naturals that I see closely follow a note of the same pitch-class that had a flat or sharp. They certainly seem like courtesies. Commented 18 hours ago

2 Answers 2

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The notation in this piece is inconsistent and ambiguous. One can only guess what the composer intended. One heuristic is to assume that an accidental only applies for a 'short' time. Applying this the second line I'd assume the E-flat didn't apply to the last E on that line, and if it did I'd expect to see the flat repeated.
The D's on the third line are almost certainly all intended to be D-sharps, but there's no way to be absolutely sure.

One way of entering an unmeasured piece in notation software is to split it into measures and then hide the bar-lines and time changes. It looks like this was done in this case. If the end of line three had been entered as two measures of 4/4 then that would explain the sharp repeated on the D of the sixteenth notes (and the bad spacing between the notes).

In general there are four ways of writing accidentals in an unmeasured piece:

  • an accidental applies only to the note it precedes
  • an applies only to the note it precedes and immediately repeated notes of the same pitch
  • an accidental applies to the note it precedes and other notes of the same pitch that are beamed together with it.
  • an accidental applies until cancelled

But it needs to be explicitly stated which system is being used.

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  • One more wrinkle is that an accidental may or may not apply both to the note and any other subsequent instances of the same note an exact octave (or multiple octaves) above or below. This is true regardless of whether there are barlines. To avoid ambiguity, it's better to notate the intended accidental at each octave, but many scores (especially older ones) do not. Commented 3 hours ago
  • @DarrelHoffman This has been discussed here. An accidental doesn't apply to other octaves, but since so many people are confused over this I agree it's always better to be explicit. Commented 1 hour ago
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The general practice when there are no bar lines is that accidentals apply only to the immediately adjacent note. The naturals are placed for clarity, which is also common practice.

However some scenarios are treated as obvious, such as the notes leading into the trill just before [1]. In that case, the D# does carry through. Unfortunately one person’s obvious is not necessarily clear to others.

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    It's certainly not obvious whether the last E on the second line is a natural or flat. I'd play E-natural but that's only a guess. Commented yesterday
  • @PiedPiper - so it's a 50/50. Generally what sounds better is better! Commented 20 hours ago
  • @Tim In this case I'd say it's 90/10 for the E-natural. Commented 15 hours ago

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