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Origin and history of toil

toil(n.1)

[hard work] c. 1300, toile, "turmoil, violent contention, battle," senses now obsolete, from Anglo-French toil (13c.), from toiler "agitate, stir up, entangle, writhe about," from Old French toeillier "drag about, make dirty" (12c.), usually said (Watkins, etc.) to be from Latin tudiculare "crush with a small hammer," from tudicula "mill for crushing olives, instrument for crushing," from Latin tudes "hammer" (from PIE *tud-, variant of *(s)teu- "to push, stroke, knock, beat;" see obtuse).

The sense of "hard work, exhausting effort, labor accomplished with fatigue and pain" (1590s) is from the related verb (see toil (v.)) or from or reinforced by the notion of a "fight" with difficulties and obstacles.

toil(n.2)

[net, snare, web for taking prey] 1520s, from French toile "hunting net, cloth, web" (compare toile d'araignée "cobweb"), from Old French toile "cloth" (11c.), from Latin tela "web, net, warp of a fabric," a derivative of texere "to weave, construct" (see text (n.)). Now generally only in plural (as in toils of the law).

toil(v.)

c. 1300, toilen, "pull at, tug" (transitive, a sense now obsolete), from Anglo-French toiller, Old French toellier "pull or drag about" (see toil (n.1)). The intransitive meaning "struggle, work hard, labor for considerable time" is from late 14c., perhaps by influence of till (v.) in its older, fuller sense.

The transitive sense of "harass, weary, or exhaust by toil, subject to toil" is from 1540s. Related: Toiled; toiling. Toiler is by 1540s as "hard worker." Toiling (n.) in Middle English was "the working of leather by pulling with the teeth" (late 14c.), also "pleading at court" (mid-15c.).

Entries linking to toil

early 15c., "dull, blunted, not sharp," from Latin obtusus "blunted, dull," also used figuratively, past participle of obtundere "to beat against, make dull," from ob "in front of; against" (see ob-) + tundere "to beat," from PIE *(s)tud-e- "to beat, strike, push, thrust," from root *(s)teu- "to push, stick, knock, beat" (source also of Latin tudes "hammer," Sanskrit tudati "he thrusts"). Sense of "stupid, not acutely sensitive or perceptive" is by c. 1500. In geometry, in reference to a plane angle greater than a right angle," 1560s. Related: Obtusely; obtuseness.

late 14c., "the wording of anything written," from Old French texte, Old North French tixte "text, book; Gospels" (12c.), from Medieval Latin textus "the Scriptures; a text, a treatise," earlier, in Late Latin "written account, content, characters used in a document," from Latin textus "style or texture of a work," etymologically "thing woven," from past-participle stem of texere "to weave, to join, fit together, braid, interweave, construct, fabricate, build" (from PIE root *teks- "to weave, to fabricate, to make; make wicker or wattle framework"). 

Also in English from late 14c. more specifically as "an authoritative writing or document; a translated discourse or composition (as opposed to the commentary on it); story, tale, narrative; Christian doctrine; a passage of the Bible (as a proof or a subject of discourse); the letter of the Scriptures," especially in the original language.

Hence, generally, "a subject, theme" (c. 1600), figuratively, from the notion of "where one starts." The meaning "a digital text message" is by 2005.

An ancient metaphor: thought is a thread, and the raconteur is a spinner of yarns — but the true storyteller, the poet, is a weaver. The scribes made this old and audible abstraction into a new and visible fact. After long practice, their work took on such an even, flexible texture that they called the written page a textus, which means cloth. [Robert Bringhurst, "The Elements of Typographic Style"]

To Socrates, a word (the name of a thing) is "an instrument of teaching and of separating reality, as a shuttle is an instrument of separating the web" [Cratylus].

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