Return Loss

The return loss (or reflection loss) of some optical device (or a combination of devices) specifies how much lower the optical power of the returning (reflected) light is compared with the light sent into the device. Usually, the return loss is specified in decibels. For example, if the return loss is 30 dB, the returning light has only 1/1000 of the power of the incident light. Note that only directly returning light is counted — and no light which is reflected into a different direction, e.g. at an angle-cleaved fiber end.

The term return loss is most often used in cases where ideally there would be no reflected light at all. For example, a fiber coupler (which is a unidirectional coupler) should split the power of incident light between two or more outputs, but should not reflect any light back to the source (assuming that no light is reflected from its outputs). The return loss would then be infinite. However, some finite return loss (often many tens of decibels) may be caused, for example, when the fiber of the coupler has different guiding properties (refractive index, effective mode area, etc.) than the fibers spliced to the input and output of the fiber coupler. Also low-quality splices can lead to increased return loss. Good splices should have a return loss of at least 45 dB. With angle-cleaved splices, even substantially higher values are possible.

Similarly, a Faraday isolator would ideally not reflect any light, but some finite return loss results from imperfections. The actual return loss may be specified for a situation where all light from the output is reflected back to the isolator.

An fiber can have some finite return loss due to Rayleigh backscattering. This is exploited in the context of optical time-domain reflectometry, which is widely used for monitoring the status of fiber-optic links. There, one measures the time-resolved return loss, which can reveal various information of interest, for example propagation losses of fibers and isolated losses and reflections e.g. due to faulty fiber splices.

In various situations, it can be important that the return loss of some optical arrangement is sufficiently high. Some examples:

• Many lasers, in particular single-frequency lasers, are sensitive to reflected light. A too low return loss of attached devices may destabilize the laser operation, i.e., cause excessive laser noise and/or emission on multiple optical frequencies.
• High-gain optical amplifiers, for example fiber amplifiers (but not optical parametric amplifiers), are also sensitive because any reflected light will again be amplified, and might destroy parts of the amplifier or components connected to its input.
• In optical fiber communications, reflected light may increase the bit error rate. Time-resolved return loss measurements (see above) are extensively used for monitoring fiber-optic links.